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AHN-HEKN'S 


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I  SECOND  LATIN  READER. 


SkLKCTIOXS    from     TDK    WinTlXCS    OF 

1  JUSTINUS,    CAESAR,    CICERO, 
AND   PHAEDRUS. 


J|f         With  Notes,  Vocabulary,  and  References  to 
Ahn-Henn's  Latin  Gra3IMAR. 


I 


i! 


NEW  YOllK : 

E.  STEIGER   k   00 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/ahnhennssecondlaOOahnfrich 


Steiger's  Latin  Series. 

AHN-HENN'S 

SECOND  LATIN  READER. 

Selections  from  the  Writings  of 

JUSTINUS,    CAESAR,  ,  OIOER.Q, 
AND   PHAEDEtJS.      ;       .' . 


With  NoTES,  YoCABULARY,  and  REFERENCES  TO 

Ahn-Henn's  Latin  Grammar, 


NEW  YORK: 
E.  STEIGER   k   CO 

1882. 


REQUEST. 


The  undersigned,  in  their  efforts  to  secure  the  greatest 
possible  correctness  in  their  educational  publications,  will  feel 
obliged  for  the  suggestion  of  improvements. 

E,  Steiger  &  Co,,  FuUishers. 


Copyright,  1882,  by  E.  Steiger  &  Co. 


IN  MEMORIAM 


Pnsa  of 
E,  Steiger  &  Co.,  N.  F. 


PREFACE, 


This  Second  Latin  Header  is  intended  to  be  used  in  connec- 
tion with  Ahn-Henn's  IViird  Latin  Book.  It  comprises  Selections 
from  Justin,  Caesar,  Cicero  and  Phaedrus,  Notes  with  references 
to  the  Grammar,  and  a  very  full  and  accurate  Vocabulary. 

Though  strictly  classical  in  all  important  respects,  the  First 
Latin  Reader,  which  omits  the  more  difficult  constructions  and 
parenthetical  clauses  of  the  original  author,  is,  of  course,  but  a  prep- 
aration for  what  ought  to  be  the  next  step  in  the  learner's  progress 
—  the  perusal  of  the  undiminished  text  of  classic  authors  appro- 
priate for  early  tuition.  The  books  used  for  this  purpose  should  at 
first  be  as  easy  as  possible,  and  they  are  all  the  better  if  their  con- 
tents are  cut  up  into  short  extracts  complete  in  themselves.  With 
this  in  view,  the  selections  have  been  made  for  the  Second  Latin 
Reader,  To  the  specimens  of  the  simple  narrative  style  of  Caesar 
and  Cicero  it  is  impossible  to  take  any  exception,  while  Justin 
whose  history  was,  at  one  time,  extensively  in  use  on  account  of  his 
purity  and  propriety  of  diction,  is  sufficiently  easy  to  begin  with. 
The  fables  selected  from  Phaedrus  are  such  as  have  become  familiar 
to  many,  in  English,  and  this  previous  acquaintance  has  a  wondrous 
effect  of  smoothing  the  learner's  way  through  the  difficulties  which 
he  encounters  when  first  set  to  read  Latin  poetry. 

In  preparing  the  Notes  the  editor  has  endeavored  to  give  such 
assistance  as  may  help  a  pupil  in  making  out  his  text,  and  to  point 
out  the  usages  and  idioms  of  grammar  so  as  to  enable  him  to 
answer  the  questions  of  an  intelligent  instructor.  At  this  stage  it 
is,  of  course,  a  careful  study  of  the  Notes  that  must  be  strongly  in- 
sisted upon.  It  is  likewise  essential  to  consult  the  passages  in  the 
Grammar  to  which  the  numerous  references  are  made. 

-The  Vocabulary  may  seem  too  elaborate,  but  in  reality  it  is  not 
60.    In  a  book  for  beginners,  every  thing  should  be  as  clear  as 


III 


•-/rdioomj 


—     IV     — 

possible,  and  written  in  such  a  way  that  a  pupil  of  fair  abilities 
should  be  able  to  make  it  out  without  the  assistance  of  a  master.  Ac- 
cordingly every  word  occurring  in  the  text,  should  have  its  English 
equivalent  given  in  the  Vocabulary.  The  special  references,  how- 
ever, by  page  and  line  (as  in  the  Vocabulary  to  the  First  Header) 
have  been  discarded,  since  the  pupil  must  now  be  able  to  get  for 
himself  the  particular  shade  of  meaning  which  a  word  has  in  the 
given  context. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  Readers  as  well,  as  of  all  the  other 
books  of  this  series  it  has  been  the  author's  constant  endeavor  to 
facilitate  the  thorough  study  of  the  Latin  language  and  to  make  it, 
at  the  same  time,  so  practical  that  when  a  pupil  has  mastered  these 
two  Readers  he  will  be  able  to  read  authors  of  average  difficulty 
(Caesar,  Cicero,  etc.)  at  sight  and  thus  be  fully  prepared  for  the 
study  of  Latin  at  College. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


M.  JUSTINIANUS  JUSTINUS. 

Text.  Notes. 

1.  The  Assyrians 1  53 

2.  Astyages  and  Cyrus 2  55 

3.  The  Athenians.     Battle  of  Marathon 5  60 

4.  Xerxes.     Third  Invasion  of  Greece 9  65 

5.  Sparta  and  Lycurgus 15  74 

6.  Sicily,    Invasion  of  the  Athenians 16  76 

7.  Character  of  Philip  and  Alexander 20  81 

8.  The  death  of  Alexander 21  83 

9.  The  earliest  history  of  Carthage 23  85 


C.  JULIUS  CAESAB. 

10.  First  landing  in  Britain 28      91 

11.  On  the  habits  of  the  Germans o 31      96 


M.  TULLIUS  CICERO. 

12.  Solon ;«  99 

13.  Leonidas 34  101 

14.  Themistocles 34  101 

15.  Alexander  the  Great 35  103 

16.  Dionysius,  Tyrant  of  Syracuse 36  104 

17.  Socrates 39  107 

18.  Demosthenes 42  110 

19.  The  best  sauce 43  112 

20.  Burial  service  at  Athens 44  112 

21.  Aratus  of  Sicyon 45  113 

S2.  A  remarkable  dream * 46  114 


—     VI     — 

PHAEDKUS. 

Text.  Notes. 

23     Tlie  wolf  and  the  lamb 47  115 

24.  Tlie  frogs  and  their  Mug 47  116 

25.  The  wolf  and  the  crane 48  116 

26.  The  ass  and  the  lion  in  partnership 49  117 

27.  The  fox  and  the  crow 49  117 

28.  The  aged  lion 49  118 

29.  The  Ute  and  the  doves 50  118 

30.  The  two  mules 50  119 

31.  TJie  dog  and  the  wolf 51  119 

32.  The  fox  and  the  sour  grapes 52  120 

33.  The  ungrateful  snake 52  120 

34.  TJie  discontented  stag 52  120 

Vocabulary 121 


M.  JUSTINIANUS  JTJSTINUS. 

1.    TJve  Assyrians. 

I.  Principio  rerum  gentium  nationumque  impermm  penes 
reges  erat,  quos  ad  fastigmm  hujus  majestatis  non  ambitio  po- 
pularis,  sed  spectata  inter  bonos  moderatio  provehebat.  Po-  s 
pulus  nullis  legibus  tenebatur:  arbitria  principum  pro  legibus 
erant.  Fines  imperii  tueri  magis  quam  proferre  mos  erat: 
intra  suam  culque  patriam  regna  finiebantur.  Primus  omnium 
Ninus,  rex  Assyriorum,  veterem  et  quasi  avitum  gentibus  mo- 
rem  nova  imperii  cupiditate  mutavit.  Hie  primus  intulitio 
bella  finitimis  et  rudes  adhuc  resistendi  populos  termmos 
usque  Libyae  perdomiiit.  Magnitudinem  quaesltae  domina- 
tionis  continua  possessione  firmavit.  Domitis  igitur  proximis 
cum  accessione  virium  fortior  ad  alios  transTret  et  proxTma 
quaeque  victoria  instrumentum  sequentis  esset,  totius  orientis  is 
populos  subcgit.  Postremum  bellum  illi  fuit  cum  Zoroastre, 
rege  Bactrianorum,  qui  primus  dicitur  artes  magicas  invenisse 
et  mundi  principTa  siderumque  motus  diligentissime  spectasse. 
Hoc  occlso  et  ipse  decessit,  relicto  adhuc  impubere  filio  Ninya 
et  uxore  Semiramide.  20 

II.  Haec  Babyloniam  condidit  murumque  urbi  cocto  latere 
circumdedit,  liarenae  vice  bitumme  inter strato,  quae  materia 
in  illis  locis  passim  invenltur  et  e  terra  exaestuat.  Multa  et 
alia  praeclara  hujus  reglnae  fuere:  siquidem  non  contenta 
regni  termmos  tueri,  AethiopTam  quoque  imperio  adjecit.  Sed  25 
et  Indis  bellum  intiilit,  quos  praeter  illam  et  Alexandrum 
Magnum  nemo  intravit.     Postremo  a  filio  interfecta  est,  duo 


et  XXX  annos  post  Ninum  regno  potlta.  Mius  ejus  Ninya 
contentus  elaborate  a  parentibus  imperio  belli  studia  deposuit 
et  veluti  sexum  cum  matre  rautasset,  raro  a  viris  visus  in 
femitito'm  turba  ^onaenuit.  Posteri  quoque  ejus  id  exemplum 
5  secuti.  reg.ponsa  .gantibus  per  internuntios  dabant.  Imperium 
A'Ssjril,"  Mq^ai  •  poi5tea.  Syri  dicti  sunt,  mille  trecentos  annos 
tenuere. 

III.  Postremus  apud  eos  regnavit  Sardanapallus,  vir  mu- 
liere  corriiptior.  Ad  hunc  videndum  (quod  nemini  ante  eum 
10  permissum  fuerat)  praefectus  ipslus  Medis  praepositus,  nomine 
Arbactus,  cum  admitti  aegre  obtinuisset,  invenit  eum  inter 
feminarum  greges  purpuras  colo  nentem  et  muliebri  habitu 
pensa  inter  virgines  partientem.  Quibus  visis  indignatus, 
tali  feminae  tot  viros  tractantes  ferrum  et  arma  habentes  pa- 
is rere,  progressus  ad  socios  quid  viderit  refert:  negat  se  ei 
parere  posse,  qui  se  feminam  malit  esse  quam  virum.  Fit 
igitur  conjuratio;  bellum  Sardanapallo  infertur.  Quo  ille  au- 
dlto  non  ut  vir  regnum  defensurus,  sed,  ut  metu  mortis  mu- 
lieres  solent,  primo  latebras  circumspicit,  mox  deinde  cum 
20  paucis  et  inconpositis  in  bellum  progreditur.  Yictus  in  regiam 
se  recepit,  ubi  exstructa  incensaque  pyra  et  se  et  divitias  suas 
in  incendium  mittit,  hoc  solo  imitatus  virum.  Post  hunc  rex 
constituitur  interfector  ejus  Arbactus,  qui  praefectus  Medorum 
fuerat.     Is  imperium  ab  Assyriis  ad  Medos  transfert. 

25  2.    Astyages  and  Cyrus. 

I.  Post  multos  deinde  reges  per  ordmem  successionis  re- 
gnum ad  Astyagem  descendit.  Hie  per  somnum  vidit  ex  filia, 
quam  unicam  habebat,  vitem  enatam,  cujus  palmite  omnis 
Asia  obumbraretur.     Consulti  harioli  ex  eadem  filia  nepotem 

80  ei  futurum,  cujus  magnitudo  praenuntietur,  regnlque  ei  amis- 
sionem  portendi  responderunt.  Hoc  response  exterrTtus  neque 
claro  viro  neque  civi  filiam  Ruam,  ne    paterna  maternaque 


—      3      — 

nobilitas  nepoti  aminos  extolleret,  sed  ex  gente  obsctira  turn 
temporis  Persarum  Cambysi,  mediocri  viro,  in  matrimonmm 
tradidit.  Ne  sic  quidem  somnii  metu  deposito  filiam,  cum 
puerum  peperisset,  ad  se  arcessit,  ut  sub  avi  oculis  nepos 
necaretur.  Infans  datur  occidendus  Harpago,  regis  arcano-  5 
rum  participi.  Is  veritus,  si  ad  filiam  mortuo  rege  venisset 
imperium,  quia  nullum  Astyages  filTum  habebat,  ne  ilia  necati 
infantis  ultionem,  quam  a  patre  non  potuisset,  a  ministro 
exigeret,  pastori  regii  pecoris  puerum  exponendum  tradit. 

II.  Forte  eodem  tempore  et  ipsi  pastori  natus  filius  erat,  10 
Ejus  igitur  uxor  audita  regis  infantis  expositione  summis  pre- 
cTbus  rogat,  ut  sibi  puer  ostenderetur.     Cujus  precibus  fati- 
gatus  pastor,  reversus  in  silvam,  invenit  juxta  infantem  canem 
feminam  parvulo  ubera  praebentem  et  a  feris  alitil)usque  de- 
fendentem.     Motus  et  ipse  misericordia,  qua  motam  etiamis 
canem  viderat,  puerum  defert  ad  stabula,  eadem  cane  anxie 
prosequente.     Quem  ubi  in  manum  mulier  accepit,  veluti  ad 
notam  adlusit,  tantusque  in  illo  vigor  et  dulcis  quidam  blan- 
dientis   infantis  risus  appariiit,   ut  pastorem  ultro  rogaret, 
permitteret  sibi  puerum  nutrire.     Atque  ita  permutata  sorte  20 
parvulorum  hie  pro  filio  pastoris  educatur,  ille  pro  nepote  regis 
cxpomtur.     Nutrici  postea  nomen   Spaco  fuit,    quia  canem 
Persae  sic  vocant.    v 

III.  Puer  deinde  cum  inter  pastores  esset,  Cyri  nomen 
accepit.  Mox  rex  inter  ludentes  sortQ,  delectus  cum  per  lasci-  25 
viam  contumaces  flagellis  cecidisset,  a  parentibus  puerorum 
querella  regi  delata,  indignantibus  a  servo  regio  ingenuos  ho- 
mines servilibus  verberibus  adfectos:  ille  arcesslto  puero  et 
interrogato,  cum  nihil  mutato  vultu  fecisse  se  ut  regem  respon- 
disset,  admiratus  constantiam  in  memoriam  somnii  responsiquc  so 
revocatur.  Atque  ita  cum  et  vultus  similitude  et  exposition! s 
tempora  et  pastoris  confessio  convenlrent,  nepotem  agnovit. 
Et  quoniam  defunctus    sibi   somnio  videretur  agitato  inter 


_      4      -- 

pastores  regno,  ammum  minaccm  in  illo  fregit.  Ceterum  Har- 
pago  amlco  suo  infestus  in  ultidnem  servati  ncpotis  filium  ejus 
interfecit  epulandumque  patri  tradidit.  Sed  Harpagus  ad 
praesens  tempus  dissimulate  dolorc  odium  regis  in  vindictae 

5  0ccasionem  distulit. 

lY.  Interjccto  deindc  tempore  cum  adolcvisset  Cyrus,  do- 
lore  orbitatis  admonitus  scribit  ei,  ut  ablegatus  ab  avo  in 
Persas  fuerit;  ut  occTdi  eum  parvulum  avus  jusserit;  ut  bene- 
ficio  suo  servatus  sit;  ut  regem  offenderit;  ut  filium  amiserit. 

10  ITortatur,  exercTtum  paret  ct  pronam  ad  regnum  viam  ingre- 
diatur,  Medorum  transitionem  pollicitus.  Epistula  quia  palam 
ferri  nequlbat,  regis  custodibus  omnes  aditus  obsidentibus, 
exinterato  lepori  inseritur  lepusque  in  Persas  Cyro  ferendus 
fido  servo  traditur;  addita  retia,  ut  sub  specie  venatoris  dolus 

15  lateret. 

Y.  Lectis  ille  epistulis  eadem  somnTo  adgredi  jussus  est, 
sed  praemonitus,  ut  quem  primum  postero  die  obvium  habuis- 
set,  socTum  coeptis  adsumeret.  Antelucano  igitur  tempore  ruri 
iter  ingressus  obvium  habuit  servum  de  ergastulo  cujusdam 

2oMedi,  nomine  Soebaren.  IIujus  requislta  origine  ut  in  Persis 
genltum  audlvit,  demptis  conpedibus  adsumptoque  comite 
Persepolim  rcgreditur.  Ibi  convocato  popiilo  jubet  omnes 
praesto  cam  securibus  esse  et  silvam  viae  circumdatam  ex- 
ciderc.    Quod  cum  streniie  fecissent,  eosdem  postero  die  appa- 

25ratis  epulis  invltat;  dein  cum  alacriores  ipso  convivTo  factos 
videret,  rogat:  si  condicTo  ponatur,  utrius  vitae  sortem  legant, 
hesterni  laboris  an  praesentTum  epularum?  Praesentium  ut 
adclamavere  omnes,  ait  licsterno  similem  labori  omnem  vitam 
acturos,  quoad  Mcdis  pareant:  se  secutos,   liodiernis  epulis. 

soLaetis  omnibus  bcUum  Medis  infert. 

YI.  Astyages  meriti  sui  in  Harpago  oblTtus  summam  belli 
eidem  committit:  qui  exercitum  acceptum  statim  Cyro  per 
deditionem  tradidit  regisque  crudelitatem  perfidia  defectionis 


—      5      — 

ulciscitur.  Quod  ubi  Astyages  audivit,  contractis  undique 
anxiliis  ipse  in  Fersas  proficiscitur:  et  repetlto  alacrms  certa- 
mine  pugnantibus  suis  partem  exercTtus  de  tergo  ponit  et 
tergiversantes  ferro  agi  in  hostcs  jubet  ac  denuntiat  suis^  ni 
vincerent,  non  minus  fortes  post  terga  inventuros  quam  a  fron-  5 
tibus  viros:  proinde  videant,  fugientibus  haec  an  ilia  pugnan- 
tibus acies  rumpenda  sit.  Ingens  post  necessitatem  pugnandi 
animus  exercitui  ejus  accessit;  pulsataque  cum  Persarum  acTcs 
paulatim  cedcret,  matres  et  uxores  eorum  obviam  occurrunt; 
Grant  in  proelium  revertantur.  Hac  repressi  castigatione  in  10 
proelTum  redeunt  et  facta  inpressione  quos  fugiebant ,  fugere 
conpellunt.  In  eo  proelTo  Astyages  capitur;  cui  Cyrus  nihil 
alTud  quam  regnum  abstiilit  ncpotemque  in  illo  magis  quam 
victorem  egit,  eumque  ducem  genti  Hyrcanorum  praeposuit; 
nam  in  Medos  reverti  ipso  noluit.  Hie  finis  imperii  Medorum  15 
fuit;  regnaverunt  annis  CCCL. 

3.    The  Athenians.    Battle  of  Marathon. 
I.     Ante  Deucalionis  tempora  Athenienses  regem  habuere 
Cecropem,  quem,  ut  omnis  antiquitas  fabulosa  est,  biformem 
tradidere.     Huic  successit  Cranaus,  cujus  filia  Atthis  nomen  20 
regioni  dedit.     Post  hunc  Amphictyon  regnavit,  qui  primus 
Minervae  urbem  sacravit  et  nomen  civitati  Athenas  dedit. 
Hujus  temporibus  aquarum  inluvTes  majorem  partem  populo- 
rum  Graeciae  absumpsit.    Superfuerunt,  quos  refugia  montium 
receperunt,    aut  ad  regem  Thessaliae  Deucalionem    ratibus25 
evecti  sunt,  a  quo  propterea  genus  hommum  conditum  dicitur. 
Per  ordinem  deinde  successionis  regnum  ad  Erechtlieum  de- 
scendit,  sub  quo  frumenti  satTo  est  EleusTne  a  Triptolemo  re- 
perta,  in  cujus  muneris  honorem  noctes  initiorum  sacratae. 
Teniiit  et  Aegeus  Athenis  regnum,  post  Aegeum  patrem  The-  30 
SGiis  ac  deinceps  Thesei  films,  Demophoon,  qui  auxilium  Grae- 
cis  adversus  Trojanos  tulit,  regnum  possedit. 


—       6      — 

II.  Erant  inter  Athenienses  et  Dorienses  simultatium 
veteres  offensae,  quas  vindicaturi  bello  Dorienses  de  eventu 
proelii  oracula  consuluerunt.  Responsum,  superiores  fore,  ni 
regem  Atheniensium  occidissent.     Cum  ventum  esset  in  bel- 

5  lum,  militibus  ante  omnia  custodia  regis  praecipitur.  Athe- 
niensibus  eo  tempore  rex  Codrus  erat,  qui  et  responso  dei  et 
praeceptis  hostium  cognitis  permutato  regis  habitu  pannosus, 
sarmenta  collo  gerens  castra  hostium  ingreditur:  ibi  in  turba 
obsistentTum  a  milite,  quern  falce  astu  convulneraverat,  inter- 

loficitur.  Cognito  regis  corpore  Dorienses  sine  proelio  disce- 
dunt.  Atque  ita  Athenienses  virtute  ducis  pro  salute  patriae 
morti  se  offerentis  bello  liberantur. 

III.  Post  Codrum  nemo  Athenis  regnavit,  quod  memoriae 
nominis  ejus  tributum  est.     AdministratTo  rei  publTcae  annua 

15  magistratibus  permissa.  Sed  civitati  nullae  tunc  leges  erant, 
quia  libido  regum  pro  legibus  habebatur.  Legitur  itaque 
Solon,  vir  justitiae  insignis,  qui  velut  novam  civitatem  legibus 
conderct:  qui  tanto  temperamento  inter  plebem  senatumque 
egit  (cum,  si  quid  pro  altero  ordine  tulisset,  alteri  displicitu- 

20  rum  videretur),  ut  ab  utrisque  parem  gratiam  traheret. 

lY.  Hujus  viri  inter  mult  a  egregia  illud  memorabile  fuit. 
Inter  Athenienses  et  Megarenses  de  proprietate  Salamlnis  in- 
sulae  prope  usque  interitum  armis  dimicatum  fuerat.  Post 
multas  clades  capitale  esse  apud  Athenienses  coepit,  si  quis 

25  legem  de  vindicanda  insula  tulisset.  SoUicTtus  igitur  Solon, 
ne  aut  tacendo  parum  rei  publTcae  consuleret  aut  censendo 
offenderet  sibi,  subitam  dementiam  simulat,  cujus  venia  non 
dicturus  modo  prohibita,  sed  et  facturus  erat.  Deformis  hr- 
bitu  more  vaecordTum  in  publicum  evolat  factoque  concursu 

3ohominum,  quo  magis  consilium  dissimularet,  insolitis  sibi  vcr- 
sTbus  suadere  populo  coepit,  quod  vetabatur,  omniumque  ani- 
mos  ita  cepit,  ut  extemplo  bellum  adversus  Megarenses  decer- 
neretur  insulaque  devictis  hostibus  Atheniensium  fieret. 


Y.  Interea  Megarenses  memores  inlati  Atheniensibus 
belli  et  veriti,  ne  frustra  arma  movisse  viderentur,  matronas 
Atheniensmm  in  Elcusiniis  sacris  noctu  oppressuri  naves  con- 
scendunt.  Qua  re  cognita  dux  Atheniensmm  Pisistratus  ju- 
ventutem  in  insidiis  locat,  jussis  matronis  solTto  clamore  ac  5 
strepitu  etiam  in  accessu  hostium,  no  intellectos  se  sentiant, 
sacra  celebrare:  cgressosque  navTbus  Megarenses  inopinantes^ 
adgressus  delevit  ac  protmus  classe  captlva  intermixtis  muli- 
eribus,  ut  speciem  captarum  matronarum  praeberent,  Megara 
contendit.  Illi  cum  et  navium  formam  et  petltam  praedamio 
cognoscerent,  obvii  ad  portum  procedunt,  quibus  caesis  Pisi- 
stratus paulum  a  capienda  urbe  afiiit.  Ita  Dorienses  suis 
dolis  hosti  victoriam  dedere. 

YI.  Sed  Pisistratus,  quasi  sibi,  non  patriae  vicisset,  ty- 
rannidem  per  dolum  occiipat:  quippc  voluntariis  verberibusis 
domi  adfectus  laceratoque  corpore  in  publicum  progreditur, 
advocata  continue  vulnera  popido  ostendit,  de  crudelitate 
principum,  e  quibus  haec  se  passum  simulabat,  queritur;  ad- 
duntur  vocibus  lacrimae  et  invidiosa  oratione  multitudo  cre- 
dula  acccnditur:  amore  plebis  invTsum  se  senatui  simiilat:2o 
obtinet  ad  custodiam  corporis  sui  satellitum  auxilium,  per  quos 
occupata  tyrannide  per  annos  XXXIII  regnavit. 

YII.  Post  hujus  mortem  Hipparchus,  alter  ex  filTis  inter- 
ficitur,  alter,  Hippias  nomine,  cum  imperium  paternum  tene- 
ret,  interfectorem  fratris  conprehendi  jubet,  qui  cum  per  25 
tormenta  conscTos  caedis  nominare  cogeretur,  omnes  amTcos 
tyranni  nominavit,  quibus  interfectis  quaerenti  tyranno,  an 
adhuc  aliqui  conscTi  essent,  neminem  ait  superesse,  quem 
amplius  mori  gestiat,  quam  ipsum  tyrannum.  Qua  voce  ejus- 
dem  so  tyranni  victorem  ostendit.  Hujus  virtute  cum  admo- 30 
nita  civitas  libertatis  esset,  tandem  Hippias  regno  pulsus  in 
exsilTum  agitur,  qui  profectus  in  Persas  ducem  se  Dareo  infe- 
renti  Atheniensibus  bcllum  adversus  patriam  suam  oflfert. 


—      8      — 

YIII.  Athenienses  igitur  audlto  Darei  adventu  auxilmm 
a  Lacedaemoniis,  socia  turn  civitate,  petiverunt,  quos  ubi 
viderunt  quadridui  teneri  religione,  non  expectato,  instructis 
decern  milibus  civium  et  Plataeensibus  auxiliaribus  mille  ad- 

6  versus  sescenta  milTa  hostmm  in  campis  Marathomis  in  proe- 
1mm  egrediuntur.  Miltiades  et  dux  belli  erat  et  auctor  non 
exspectandi  auxilTi:  quern  tanta  fiducia  ceperat,  ut  plus  prae- 
sidii  in  celeritate  quam  in  sociis  duceret.  Magna  igitur  in 
pugnam  euntibus  animorum  alacritas  fuit,  adeo  ut,  cum  mille 

lopassus  inter  duas  acies  essent,  citato  cursu  ante  j  actum  sagit- 
tarum  ad  hostem  venlrent.  Nee  audacTae  ejus  evcntus  deiuit: 
pugnatum  est  enim  tanta  virtute,  ut  hinc  viros,  inde  pecudes 
putares.  Yicti  Persae  in  naves  confugerunt,  ex  quibus  multae 
suppressae,  multae  captae  sunt.     In  eo  proelio  tanta  virtus 

issingulorum  fuit,  ut,  cujus  laus  prima  esset,  difficile  judicium 
videretur. 

IX.  Inter  ccteros  tamen  Themistoclis  adulescentis  gloria 
emicuit,  in  quo  jam  indoles  futurae  imperatoriae  dignitatis 
apparuit.     Cynegiri  quoque  milTtis  Atheniensis  gloria  magnis 

2oscriptorum  laudibus  celebrata  est,  qui  post  proclii  innumeras 
caedes  cum  fugientcs  hostes  ad  naves  egisset,  onustam  navem 
dextra  manu  tenuit  nee  prius  dimlsit  quam  manum  amitteret: 
tum  quoque  amputata  dextera  navem  sinistra  conprehendit, 
quam  et  ipsam  cum  amisisset,  ad  postremum  morsu  navem  de- 

25tinuit.  Tantam  in  eo  virttitem  fuisse,  ut  non  tot  caedibus 
fatigatus,  non  duabus  m ambus  amissis  victus,  truncus  ad  po- 
stremum et  velut  rabida  fera  dentibus  dimicaret.  Ducenta  milia 
Persae  seu  proelio  sive  naufragio  amisere.  Cecidit  et  Hippias, 
tyrannus  Atheniensis,  auctor  et  concitor  ejus  belli,  dis  patriae 

30  ultoribus  poenas  repetentibus. 


Jf.    Xerxes.    Third  invasion  of  Greece. 

I.  Interca  et  Dareus,  cum  bellum  restauraret,  in  ipso 
apparatu  decedit,  relictis  multis  filiis  et  in  regno  et  ante  re- 
gnum  susceptis.  Ex  his  Ariaemenes  maximus  natu  aetatis  pri- 
vilegio  regnum  sibi  vindicabat,  quod  jus  et  ordo  nascendi  et  5 
natura  ipsa  gentibus  dedit.  Porro  Xerxes  controversiam  non 
de  ordine,  sed  de  nascendi  felicitate  refer ebat:  nam  Ariaeme- 
nem  primum  quidem  Dareo,  sed  private  provenisse:  se  regi 
primum  natum.  Itaque  fratres  suos,  qui  ante  geniti  essent, 
privatum  patrimomum,  quod  eo  tempore  Dareus  habuisset,  10 
non  regnum  vindicare  sibi  posse:  se  esse,  quern  primum  in 
regno  jam  rex  pater  sustulerit.  Hue  accedere,  quod  Ariae- 
menes non  patre  tantum,  sed  et  matre  privatae  adhuc  for- 
tunae,  avo  quoque  materno  private  procreatus  sit:  se  vero  et 
matre  reglna  natum  et  patrem  non  nisi  regem  vidisse:  avumi5 
quoque  maternum  Cyrum  se  regem  habuisse,  non  lieredem,  sed 
conditorem  tanti  regni:  et  si  in  aequo  jure  utrumque  fratrcm 
pater  reliquisset,  materno  tamcn  so  jure  et  avito  vincere. 

II.  Hoc  certamen  concordi  ammo  ad  patruum  suum  Arta- 
phernen  veliiti  ad  domesticum  judicem  deferunt,  qui  domi2o 
cognita  causa  Xerxem  praeposuit:  adeoque  fraterna  contentTo 
fuit,  ut  nee  victor  insultaret  nee  victus  doleret  ipsoque  litis 
tempore  munera  invicem  mitterent,  jucunda  quoque  inter  se 
non  solum,  sed  credula  convivia  haberent,  judicium  quoque 
ipsum  sine  arbitris,  sine  convicio  esset.  Tanto  moderatius  turn  25 
fratres  inter  se  maxima  regna  dividebant,  quam  nunc  cxigua 
patrimonia  partiuntur.  Xerxes  igitur  bellum  a  patre  coeptum 
adversus  Graeciam  quinquennium  instruxit. 

III.  Quod  ubi  primum  didicit  Demaratus,  rex  Lacedae- 
moniorum,  qui  apud  Xerxen  exsulabat,  amicior  patriae  post  30 
fugam  quam  regi  post  beneficTa,  ne  inopinato  bello  opprime- 
rentur,  omnia  in  tabellis  ligneis  magistratibus  perscrlbit  eas- 
demque  cera  superinducit  delTta,  ne  aut  scriptura  sine  tegmine 


—     10     ~ 

indicium  daret  aut  recens  cera  dolum  proderet:  fido  deinde 
servo  perferendas  tradit,  jusso  magistratibus  Spartanorum 
tradere.  Quibus  perlatis  Lacedaemone  quaestioni  res  diu  fuit, 
quod  neque  scriptum  aliquid  viderent  nee  frustra  missas  suspi- 
5  carentur,  tantoque  rem  majorem,  quanto  esset  occultior,  puta- 
bant.  Haerentibus  in  conjectura  viris  soror  regis  Leonidae 
consilium  scribentis  invenit.  Erasa  igitur  cera  belli  consilia 
deteguntur. 

IV.  Jam  Xerxes  septingenta  milia  de  regno  armaverat  et 
10  trec^nta  milia  de  auxiliis,  ut  non  inmerito  proditum  sit,  flu- 

mina  ab  exercitu  ejus  siccata  Graeciamque  omnem  vix  capere 
exercitum  ejus  potuisse.  Naves  quoque  deciens  centum  milium 
numero  habuisse  dicitur.  Huic  tanto  agmini  dux  defuit.  Ce- 
terum  si  regem  spectes,  divitias,  non  ducem  laudes:  quarum 

istanta  copTa  in  regno  ejus  fuit,  ut,  cum  flumina  multitudine 
consumerentur,  opes  tamen  regiae  superessent.  Ipse  autem 
primus  in  fuga,  postremus  in  proelio  semper  visus  est;  in  peri- 
culis  timidus:  sicubi  metus  abcsset,  inflatus;  denique  ante  ex- 
perimentum  belli  fiducia  virTum  veluti  natilrae  ipsTus  dommus  • 

20  et  montes  in  planum  deducebat  et  convexa  vallium  aequabat 
et  quaedam  maria  pontibus  sternebat,  quaedam  ad  navigatio- 
nis  commodum  per  conpendium  ducebat. 

V.  Cujus  introTtus  in  GraecTam  quam  terribilis,  tam  turpis 
ac  foedus  discessus  fuit.     Namque  cum  Leonidas,  rex  Sparta- 

25norum  cum  IIII  milibus  militum  angustias  Thermopylarum 
occupasset,  Xerxes  contemptu  paucitatis  eos  pugnam  capessere 
jubet,  quorum  cognati  Marathonia  pugna  interfecti  fuerant: 
qui  dum  ulcisci  suos  quaerunt,  principium  cladis  fuere;  succe- 
dente  dein  inutili  turba  major  caedes  editur.     Triduo  ibi  cum 

3odolore  et  indignatione  Persarum  dimicatum:  quarta  die  cum 
nuntiatum  esset  Leonidae,  a  XX  milibus  hostium  summum  ca- 
ctimen  teneri,  tum  hortatur  socTos,  recedant  et  se  ad  meliora 
patriae  tempora    reservent:    sibi    cum    Spartanis    fortunam 


—   11   — 

experiendam:  plura  se  patriae  quam  vitae  debere:  ceteros  ad 
praesidia  Graeciae  servandos. 

YI.  Audlto  regis  imperio  discessere  ceteri,  soli  Lacedae- 
monii  remanserunt.  Initio  hujus  belli  sciscitantibus  Delphis 
oracula  responsum  fuerat,  aut  regi  Spartanorum  aut  urbi  5 
cadendum.  Et  idcirco  rex  Leonidas,  cum  in  bellum  proficis- 
ceretur,  ita  sues  firmaverat,  ut  ire  se  parato  ad  moriendum 
animo  scirent.  Angustias  propterea  occupaverat,  ut  cum 
paucis  aut  majore  gloria  vinceret  aut  minore  damno  rei  publi- 
cae  caderet.  Dimissis  igitur  sociis  hortatur  Spartanos,  memi- 10 
nerint  qualitercumque  proeliatis  cadendum  esse;  caverent,  ne 
fortius  mansisse  quam  dimicasse  viderentur;  nee  expectan- 
dum,  ut  ab  hoste  circumvenirentur,  sed  dum  nox  occasionem 
daret,  securis  et  laetis  superveniendum:  nusquam  victores 
honestius  quam  in  castris  hostium  perituros.  15 

YII.  Nihil  erat  difficile  persuadere  persuasis  mori:  statim 
arma  capiunt  et  sescenti  viri  castra  quingentorum  milium  in- 
rumpunt  statimque  regis  praetorium  petunt,  aut  cum  illo  aut, 
si  ipsi  oppressi  essent,  in  ipslus  potissimum  sede  morittiri. 
Tumultus  totis  castris  oritur.  Spartani,  postquam  regem  non  20 
inveniunt,  per  omnia  castra  victores  vagantur;  caedunt  ster- 
nuntque  omnia,  ut  qui  sciunt,  se  pugnarc  non  spe  victoriae, 
sed  in  mortis  ultionem.  Proelium  a  principle  noctis  in  majo- 
rem  partem  diei  tractum.  Ad  postremum  non  victi,  sed  vin- 
cendo  fatigati  inter  ingentes  stratorum  hostium  catervas  occi-  25 
derunt.  Xerxes  duobus  vulneribus  terrestri  proelio  acceptis 
experiri  maris  fortunam  statuit. 

YIII.  Sed  Atheniensium  dux  Themistocles  cum  animad- 
vertisset  lonas,  propter  quos  bellum  Persarum  susceperunt,  in 
auxilium  regis  classe  venisse,  sollicitare  eos  in  partes  suasso 
statuit,  et  cum  colloquendi  copiam  non  baberet,  symbolos  pro- 
pone' et  saxis  proscribi  curat:  ''Quae  vos,  lones,  dementia 
tenet?  Quod  facinus  agitatis ?  Bellum inferre  olim  conditoribus 


—     12     — 

vestris,  nuper  etiam  vindicTbus  cogitatis?  An  ideo  moenia 
vestra  condidimus,  ut  essent  qui  nostra  delerent?  Quid  si 
non  haec  Dareo  prius  et  nunc  Xerxi  belli  causa  nobiscum 
foret,  quod  vos  rebellantes  non  destituimus  ?   Quin  vos  in  haec 

5  castra  vestra  ex  ista  obsidione  transitis  ?  Aut  si  hoc  parum 
tutum  est,  at  yos  commisso  proelio  ite  cessim,  inhibete  remis 
et  a  bello  discedite." 

IX.    Ante  navalis  proelii  congressionem  miserat  Xerxes 
nil  milia  militum  armatorum  Delphos  ad  templum  Apollmis 

10  diripiendum,  prorsus  quasi  non  cum  Graecis  tantum,  sed  et 
cum  dis  inmortalTbus  bellum  gereret:  quae  manus  tota  imbribus 
et  fulminibus  dcleta  est,  ut  intellegeret,  quam  nullae  essent 
hominum  adversum  dcos  yircs.  Post  haec  Thespias  et  Pla- 
taeas  et  Athenas  vacuas  homimbus  incendit,  et  quoniam  ferro 

15  in  homines  non  poterat,  in  aedificia  igne  grassatur.  Namque 
Athcnienses  post  pugnam  Marathoniam  praemonente  Themi- 
stocle,  victoriam  illam  de  Persis  non  finem,  sed  causam  majoris 
belli  fore,  CC  naves  fabricavcrunt.  Adventante  igitur  Xerxe 
(consulentibus  Delphis  oraciilum  responsum  fuerat,  salutem 

20  muris  ligneis  tuerentur)  Themistocles,  navium  pracsidium  de- 
monstratum  ratus,  persuadct  omnibus,  patriam  municipes  esse, 
non  moenia,  civitatemque  non  in  aedificiis,  sed  in  civibus  po- 
sitam:  itaque  melius  salutem  navibus  quam  urbi  commissures; 
hujus  sententiae  etiam  deum  auctorem  esse. 

25  X.  Probato  consilio  conjuges  liberosque  cum  pretiosissimis 
rebus  abditis  insulis  relicta  urbe  demandant;  ipsi  naves  ar- 
mati  conscendunt.  Exemplum  Atheniensium  et  aliae  urbes 
imitatae.  Itaque  cum  adunata  omnis  sociorum  classis  et  in- 
tenta  in  bellum  navale  esset  angustiasque  Salamimi  freti,  ne 

30  circumveniri  a  multitudme  posset,  occupassent,  dissensio  inter 
civitatum  principes  oritur:  qui  cum  deserto  bello  ad  sua  tu- 
enda  dilabi  vellent,  timens  Themistocles,  ne  discessu  sociorum 
vires  minuerentur,   per  servum  fidum  Xerxi  nuntiat,  uno  in 


—     13     — 

loco  eum  contractam  Graeciam  capere  facillime  posse.  Quod 
si  civitates,  quae  jam  abire  vellent,  dissiparentur,  uiajore  labore 
ei  singulas  consectandas.  Hoc  dolo  impellit  regem  signum 
pugnae  dare.  Graeci  quoque  adventu  hostium  occupati  proe- 
ITum  collatis  viribus  capessunt.  5 

XI.  Interea  rex  velut  spectator  pugnae  cum  parte  navTum 
in  litore  remanet.  Artemisia  autem,  reglna  Halicarnasi,  quae 
in  auxilium  Xerxi  venerat,  inter  primes  duces  bellum  acerrime 
ciebat,  ut  in  viro  muliebrem  timorem,  ita  in  muliere  virllem 
audacTam  cerneres.  Cum  anceps  proelium  esset,  lones  juxta  10 
praeceptum  Themistoclis  pugnae  se  paulatim  subtrahere  coe- 
perunt:  quorum  defectio  animos  ceterorum  fregit.  Itaque 
circumspicientes  fugam  pelluntur  Persae  et  mox  proelio  victi 
in  fugam  vertuntur.  In  qua  trepidatione  multae  captae  naves, 
multae  mersae;  plures  tamen  non  minus  saevitiam  regis  quamis 
hostem  timentes  domum  dilabuntur. 

XII.  Hac  clade  perculsum  et  dubmm  consilii  Xerxem 
Mardonius  adgreditur.  Hortatur  ut  in  regnum  abeat,  ne  quid 
seditionis  moveat  fama  adversi  belli  et  in  majus,  sicuti  mos 
est,  omnia  extoUens:  sibi  CCC  milia  armatorum  lecta  ex  omni-20 
bus  copTis  relinquat,  qua  manu  aut  cum  gloria  ejus  perdomi- 
turum  se  Graeciam  aut,  si  alitor  eventus  fuerit,  sine  ejusdem 
infamia  hostibus  cessurum.  Probate  consilio  Mardonio  exer- 
citus  traditur:  reliquas  copTas  rex  ipse  deducere  in  regnum 
parat.  Sed  Graeci  audita  regis  fuga  consilium  ineunt  pontis  25 
interrumpendi,  quem  ille  Abydi  veluti  victor  maris  fecerat,  ut 
intercliisus  reditu  aut  cum  exercitu  deleretur  aut  desperatione 
rerum  pacem  victus  petere  cogeretur. 

XIII.  Sed  Themistocles  timens,  ne  interclusi  hostes  despe- 
rationem  in  virtutem  verterent  et  iter,  quod  alitor  non  pateret,  30 
ferro  patefacerent:  satis  multos  hostes  in  GraecTa  remanere 
dictitans,  nee  augeri  numerum  retinendo  oportere,  cum  vin- 
cere  consilio  ceteros  non  posset,  eundem  servum  ad  Xerxem 


—     14     — 

mittit  certioremque  consilii  facit  et  occupare  transitum  matu- 
rata  fuga  jubet.  Ille  perculsus  nuntio  tradit  ducibus  milites 
perducendos:  ipse  cum  paucis  Abydum  contendit.  Ubi  cum 
solutum  pontem  hibernis  tempestatibus  offendisset,  piscatoria 

5  scapha  trepTdus  trajecit.  Erat  res  spectaculo  digna  et  aesti- 
matione  sortis  humanae  rerum  varietate  miranda,  in  exiguo 
latcntem  videre  navigio  quem  paulo  ante  vix  aequor  omne  ca- 
piebat,  carentem  omni  etiam  servorum  ministerio,  cujus  exer- 
citus  propter  multitudinemterris  graves  erant.  Nee  pedestribus 

locopiis,  quas  ducTlDus  adsignaverat,  felicius  iter  fuit,  siquidem 
cotidiano  labori  (neque  enim  ulla  est  metuentibus  quies)  etiam 
fames  accesserat.  Multorum  deinde  dierum  inopTa  contraxerat 
et  pestem,  tantaque  foeditas  morientium  fuit,  ut  viae  cadaveri- 
bus  implerentur  alitesque  et  bostiae  escae  inlecebris  sollici- 

15  tatae  exercitum  sequerentur. 

XIY.  Interim  MardonTus  in  GraecTa  Olynthum  expugnat. 
Athenienses  quoque  in  spem  pacis  amicitiamque  regis  sollici- 
tat,  spondens  incensae  eorum  urbis  etiam  in  majus  restitutio- 
nem.     Postquam  nullo  pretio  libertatem  his  venalem  videt, 

20  incensis  quae  aedificare  coeperant,  copTas  in  Boeotiam  trans- 
fert.  Eo  et  Graecorum  exercitus,  qui  centum  milium  fuit, 
secutus  est  ibique  proelium  commissum.  Sed  fortuna  regis 
cum  duce  mutata  non  est.  Kam  victus  MardonTus  veluti  ex 
naufragio  cum  paucis  profTigit.     Castra  referta  regalis  opu- 

25lentiae  capta.  Unde  primum  Graecos  divlso  inter  se  auro 
Persico  divitiarum  luxuria  cepit. 

XY.  Eodem  forte  die,  quo  Mardomi  copiae  deletae  sunt, 
etiam  navali  proelio  in  Asia  sub  monte  Mycale  adversus  Per- 
sas  dimicatum  est.     Ibi  ante  congressionem,  cum  classes  ex 

30  adverse  starent,  fama  ad  utrumque  exercitum  venit,  vicisse 
Graecos  et  Mardomi  copTas  occidione  cecidisse.  Tantam 
famae  velocitatem  fuisse,  ut,  cum  matutlno  tempore  proelium 
in  Boeotia  commissum  sit,  meridianis  horis  in  Asiam  per  tot 


—     15     — 

mam  et  tantum  spatii  tarn  brevi  horarum  momento  de  victoria 
nuntiatum  sit.  Confecto  bello,  cum  de  praemiis  civitatmm 
ageretur,  omnium  judicio  Atheniensium  virtus  ceteris  praelata. 
Inter  duces  quoque  Themistoclcs  princeps  civitatum  testimomo 
judicatus  gloriam  patriae  suae  auxifc.  5 

5.    Sparta  and  Lycurgus. 

I.  GraecTa  omnis  ducibus  Lacedaemoniis  et  Atheniensibus 
in  duas  divTsa  partes  ab  externis  bellis  velut  in  viscera  sua 
arma  convertit.  Fiunt  igitur  de  uno  popiilo  duo  corpora,  et 
eorundem  castrorum  homines  in  duos  hostiles  exercitus  divi- 10 
duntur.  Hinc  Lacedaemomi  communia  quondam  civitatmm 
auxilTa  ad  vires  suas  trahere:  inde  Athenienses  et  vetustate 
gentis  et  gestis  rebus  inlustres  propriis  viribus  confidebant. 
Atque  ita  duo  potentissTmi  Graeciae  populi  institiitis  Solonis  et 
Lycurgi  legibus  pares  ex  aemulatione  virium  in  bellum  ruebant.  15 

II.  Namque  Lycurgus,  cum  fratri  suo  Polydectae,  Sparta- 
norum  regi,  successisset  regnumque  sibi  vindicare  potuisset, 
Charillo,  filio  ejus,  qui  natus  postiimus  erat,  cum  ad  aetatem 
adultam  pervenisset,  regnum  summa  fide  restituit,  ut  intelle- 
gerent  omnes,  quanto  plus  apud  bonos  pietatis  jura  quam2o 
omnes  opes  valerent.  Medio  igitur  tempore,  dum  infans  con- 
valescit  tutelamque  ejus  administrat,  non  habentibus  Spartanis 
leges  instituit,  non  inventione  earum  magis  quam  exemplo 
clarior:  siquTdem  nihil  lege  ulla  in  alios  sanxit.  cujus  non  ipse 
primus  in  se  documentum  daret.  Popiilum  in  obsequTa  prin-  25 
cipum,  principes  ad  justitiam  imperiorum  firmavit.  Parsimo- 
niam  omnibus  suasit,  existimans  laborem  militiae  adsidua 
frugalitatis  consuetudme  faciliorem  fore.  Emi  singula  non  pe- 
cunia,  sed  compensatione  mercium  jussit.  Auri  argentlque 
usum  ut  omnium  scelerum  materiam  sustiilit.  30 

III.  Administrationem  rei  publicae  per  ordines  divTsit: 
regibus  potestatem  bellorum,  magistratibus  judicia  et  anniios 


—     16    — 

successores,  senatui  custodiam  legum,  populo  sublegendi  sena- 
tum  vel  creandi  quos  vellet  magistratus  potestatem  permlsit. 
Fundos  omnium  aequaliter  inter  omnes  divlsit,  ut  aequata  pa- 
trimonia  neminem  potentiorem  altero  redderent.     Convivari 

5  omnes  publice  jussit,  ne  cujus  divitiae  vel  luxuria  in  occulto 
essent.  Juvcmbus  non  amplius  una  veste  uti  toto  anno  per- 
missum,  nee  qucmquam  cultTus  quam  alteram  progredi  nee 
epulari  opulentTus,  ne  imitatio  in  luxuriam  verteretur.  Pueros 
puberes  non  in  forum,   sed  in    agrum  deduci   praecepit,  ut 

10  primos  annos  non  in  luxuria,  sed  in  opere  et  in  laboribus  age- 
rent.  Nihil  eos  somni  causa  substernere  et  vitam  sine  pul- 
mento  degere  neque  prius  in  urbem  redire,  quam  viri  facti 
essent,  statuit. 

IV.    Virgines  sine  dote  nubere  jussit,  ut  uxores  eligerentur, 

15  non  pecuniae,  severiusque  matrimonia  sua  viri  coercerent, 
cum  nuUis  frenis  dotis  tenerentur.  Maximum  honorem  non 
divTtum  et  potentTum,  sed  pro  gradu  aetatis  senum  esse  voluit, 
nee  sane  usquam  terrarum  locum  honoratiorem  senectus  habet. 
Haec  quoniam  primo  solutis  antea  moribus  duravidebat  esse, 

20  auctorem  eorum  Apollinem  Delphicum  fingit  et  inde  se  ea  ex 
praecepto  numinis  detulisse,  ut  consuescendi  taedium  metus 
religionis  vincat.  Dein  ut  aeternitatem  legTbus  suis  daret, 
jure  jurando  obligat  civitatem,  nihil  eos  de  ejus  legTbus  muta- 
turos,  priusquam  reverteretur,  et  simulat  se  ad  oraculum  Del- 

25phTcum  proficisci,  consul turum  quid  addendum  mutandumque 
legTbus  videretur.  ProficiscTtur  autem  Cretam  ibique  perpe- 
tiium  exsilTum  egit  abjicTque  in  mare  ossa  sua  morTcns  jussit, 
ne  relatis  Lacedaemonem  solutos  se  Spartani  religioue  juris 
jurandi  in  dissolvendis  legTbus  arbitrarentur. 

30  6.    Sicily.    InvasioTi  of  the  Athenians. 

I.     SicilTam  ferunt  angustis  quondam  faucTbus  ItalTae  ad- 
haesisse  diremptamque  velut  a  corpore  majore  impetu  superi 


-     IT    — 

maris,  quod  toto  undarum  onere  illuc  vehitur.  Est  autem  terra 
ipsa  tenuis  ac  fragllis  et  cavernis  quibusdam  fistillisque  ita 
penetrabilis,  ut  ventorum  tota  ferme  flatibus  pateat;  nee  non 
et  ignibus  generandis  nutriendisque  soli  ipsTus  naturalis  mate- 
ria: quippe  intrinsecus  stratum  sulphure  et  bitumine  traditur:  5 
quae  res  facit,  ut  spiritu  cum  igne  in  materia  luctante  fre- 
quenter et  compluribus  locis  nunc  flammas,  nunc  vaporem, 
nunc  fumum  eructet.  Et  ubi  acrior  per  spiramenta  caverna- 
rum  ventus  incubuit,  harenarum  moles  egeruntur.  Proximum 
ItalTae  promuntorium  RegTum  dicitur,  ideo  quia  Graece  'ab-10 
rupta'  hoc  nomine  pronuntiantur. 

II.  Nee  mirum,  si  fabulosa  est  loci  hujus  antiquTtas,  in 
quem  res  tot  coiere  mirae:  primum  quod  nusquam  latius  tor- 
rens  fretum,  nee  solum  citato  impetu,  verum  etiam  saevo;  ne- 
que  experientibus  modo  terribile,  verum  etiam  procul  visentT- 15 
bus.  Undarum  porro  in  se  concurrentium  tanta  pugna  est,  ut 
alias  veliiti  terga  dantes  in  imum  desidere,  alias  quasi  victrlces 
in  sublime  ferri  videas;  nunc  hie  fremitum  ferventis  aestus, 
nunc  illic  gemitum  in  voragmem  desidentis  exaudias.  Acce- 
dunt  vicini  et  perpetiii  Aetnae  mentis  ignes  et  insularum2o 
AeolTdum,  veluti  ipsis  in  undis  alatur  incendium:  neque  enim 
in  tam  angustis  terminis  alitor  durare  tot  saeculis  tantus  ignis 
potuisset,  nisi  humoris  nutrimentis  aleretur. 

III.  Hinc  igitur  fabulae  Scyllam  et  Charjbdin  peperere; 
hinc  latratus  auditus;  hinc  monstri  credita  simulacra,  dum  na-25 
vigantes  magnis  verticTbus  pelagi  desidentis  exterriti  latrare 
putant  undas,  quas  sorbentis  aestus  vorago  conlidit.  Eadem 
causa  etiam  Aetnae  mentis  perpetuos  ignes  facit.  Nam  aqua- 
rum  ille  concursus  raptum  secum  spiritum  in  imum  fundum 
trahit  atque  ibi  suffocatum  tam  diu  tenet,  donee  per  spira-  30 
menta  terrae  diffQsus  nutrimenta  ignis  incendat.  Jam  ipsa 
Italiae  SicilTaeque  vicinitas,  jam  promuntoriorum  altitudo  ipsa 
ita  similis  est,  ut  quantum  nunc  admiration! s,  tantum  antlquis 


—     18     — 

terroris  dederit,  credentibus,  coeimtibus  in  se  promuntoriis 
ac  rursum  discedentibus  solida  intercipi  absumlque  navigia. 
Neque  hoc  ab  antlquis  in  dulcedinem  fabiilae  Gonpositum,  sed 
metu  et  adrairatione  transeuntmm.     Ea  est  enim  procul  inspi- 

scientibus  natura  loci,  ut  sinum  maris,  non  transitum  putes: 
quo  cum  accesseris,  discedere  ac  sejungi  promuntoria,  quae 
ante  juncta  fuerant,  arbitrere. 

lY.     Siciliae  primo  Trinacriae  nomen  fuit;  postea  Sicania 
cognominata  est.     Haec  a  principio  patria  Cyclopum  fuit,  qui- 

10  bus  exstinctis  Cocalus  regnum  insiilae  occupavit.  Post  quem 
singulae  civitates  in  tyrannorum  impermm  concesserunt,  quo- 
rum nulla  terra  feracTor  fuit.  Horum  ex  numero  Anaxilaus 
justitia  cum  ceterorum  crudelitate  ccrtabat,  cujus  moderationis 
liaud  mediocrem  fructum  tulit:  quippe  decedens  cum  filTos  par- 

isvulos  reliquisset  tutelamque  eorum  Micytho,  spectatae  fidei 
servo,  commisisset,  tantus  amor  memoriae  ejus  apud  omnes 
fuit,  ut  parere  servo  quam  deserere  regis  filios  mallent  prin- 
cipesque  civitatis  obliti  dignitatis  suae  regni  majestatem  ad- 
ministrari  per  servum  paterentur.     Impermm   Siciliae  etiam 

20  Carthaginienses  temptavere,  diuque  varia  victoria  cum  tyran- 
nis  dimicatum.  Ad  postremum  amisso  amilcare  imperatore 
cum  exercTtu  aliquantisper  quievere  victi. 

V.     Medio  tempore  cum  Reglni  discordia  laborarent  civi- 
tasque  per  dissensionem  divlsa  in  duas  partes  esset,  veterani 

25  ex  altera  parte  ab  Himera  in  auxilium  vocati,  pulsis  civitate 
contra  quos  implorati  fuerant  et  mox  caesis  quibus  tulerant 
auxilium,  urbem  cum  conjugibus  et  liberis  sociorum  occupa- 
vere,  ausi  facmus  nuUi  tyranno  comparandum,  ut  Reglnis 
melius  fuerit  vinci  quam  vicisse.    Nam  sive  victoribus  captivi- 

30  tatis  jure  servissent  sive  amissa  patria  exsulare  eos  necesse 
fuisset,  non  tamen  inter  aras  et  patrios  lares  trucidati  crude- 
lissimis  tyrannis  patriam  cum  conjugibus  ac  liberis  praedam 
reliquissent. 


—     19     — 

yi.  Catinienses  quoque,  cum  Syracusanos  graves  pate- 
rentur  diffisi  viribus  suis  auxilium  ab  Atheniensibus  petivere: 
qui  seu  studio  majoris  imperii,  quod  AsTam  Graeciamque  peni- 
tus  occupaverant,  seu  metu  factae  pridem  a  Syracusanis  clas- 
sis,  no  Lacedaemomis  illae  vires  accederent,  Lamponiuin  ducein  5 
cum  classe  in  Siciliam  misere,  ut  sub  specie  ferendi  Catinien- 
sibus  auxilii  temptarent  Siciliae  imperium.  Et  quoniam  prima 
initia  frequenter  caesis  hostibus  prospera  fuerant,  majore  de- 
nuo  classe  et  robustiore  exercTtu  Lachete  et  Chariade  ducTbus 
Siciliam  petivere:  sed  Catinienses  sive  metu  AtheniensTum  10 
sive  taedio  belli  pacem  cum  Syracusanis  remissis  AtheniensTum 
auxiliis  fecerant. 

YII.  Interjecto  deinde  tempore,  cum  fides  pacis  a  Syracu- 
sanis non  servaretur,  deniio  legatos  Athenas  mittunt,  qui  sor- 
dida  veste,  capillo  barbaque  promissis  et  omni  squaloris  habitu  15 
ad  misericordiam  commovendam  adquislto  contionem  deformes 
adeunt:  adduntur  precTbus  lacrimae,  et  ita  misericordem  po- 
pulum  supplices  movent,  ut  damnarentur  duces,  qui  ab  his 
auxilia  deduxerant.  Classis  igitur  ingens  decernitur:  creantur 
duces  NicTas  et  Alcibiades  et  Lamachus,  tantisque  viribus  Si-  20 
cilia  repetitur,  ut  ipsis  terrori  essent,  in  quorum  auxilia  mitte- 
bantur.  Brevi  post  tempore  revocato  ad  reatum  Alcibiade 
duo  proelia  pedestria  secunda  NicTas  et  Lamachus  facTunt; 
munitionibus  deinde  circumdatis  hostes  etiam  marlnis  com- 
meatibus  in  urbe  clauses  intercludunt.  25 

YIII.  Quibus  rebus  fracti  Syracusani  auxilium  a  Lacedae- 
momis petiverunt.  Ab  his  mittitur  Gylippus  solus,  sed  qui 
instar  omnium  auxiliorum  erat.  Is  audlto  genere  belli  jam 
inclinato  statu  auxiliis  partim  in  Graecia,  partim  in  Sicilia 
contractis  opportuna  bello  loca  occupat.  Duo  bus  deinde  proe-  30 
liis  victus,  congressus  tertio  occlso  Lamacho  et  hostes  in 
fugam  compulit  et  socios  obsidione  liberavit.  Sed  cum  Athe- 
nienses  a  bello  terrestri  in  navale  se  transtulissent,  Gylippus 


—     20     — 

classem  Lacedaemonc  cum  auxiliis  arccssit.  Quo  cogQito  et 
ipsi  Atlienieuses  in  locum  amissi  duels  Dcmoslhenen  et  Eurj- 
raedonta  cum  supplemento  copiarum  mittunt.  Pelopomiesii 
quoque  communi  civitatium  decreto  ingentia  Syracusanis  au- 

5  xilia  miserc,  et  quasi  Graeciae  bellum  in  Siciliam  translatum 
esset,  ita  ex  utraque  parte  summis  viribus  dimicabatur. 

IX.  Prima  igitur  congressione  navalis  certammis  Athe- 
nienses  vincuntur,  castra  quoque  cum  omni  publica  ac  privata 
pecunia  amittunt.      Super  haec   mala    cum    etiam    terrestri 

10  proelio  victi  essent,  tunc  Demosthenes  censere  cocpit,  ut  abl- 
rent  Sicilia,  dum  res  quamvis  adflictae  nondum  tamen  perditae 
forent:  neque  in  bello  male  auspicato  amplTus  perseverandum: 
esse  domi  graviora  et  forsTtan  inl'eliciora  bella,  in  quae  servare 
hos  urbis  apparatus  oporteret.     Nicias  sen  pudore  male  actae 

isrei  sen  metu  destitutae  spei  civium  seu  impellente  fato  manere 
contendit.  Reparatur  igitur  navale  bellum  et  animi  a  prioris 
forLunae  procella  ad  spem  certaminis  revocantur:  sed  inscitia 
ducum  inter  angustias  maris  tuentes  se  Syracusanos  adgressi 
facile   vincuntur.     Eurymedon  dux  in   prima  acie  fortissimo 

-odimieans  primus  cadit:  XXX  naves,  quibus  praefuerat,  incen- 
duntur.  Demosthenes  et  NicTas  et  ipsi  victi  exercitum  in  terra 
deponunt,  tutiorem  fugam  rati  itinere  terrestri.  Ab  his  relictas 
centum  XXX  naves  Gylippus  invasit:  ipsos  deinde  insequitur: 
fugientes  partim  capit,  partim  caedit.    Demosthenes  amisso 

25exercitu  a  captivitate  gladio  et  voluntaria  morte  se  vindicat: 
XicTas  autem  ne  Demosthenis  quidem  exemplo  ut  sibi  consu- 
leret  admonitus  cladem  suorum  auxit  dedecore  captivitatis. 

7.    Character  of  Philip  and  Alexander. 

I.     Decessit  Philippus  XL  et  septem  annorum,  cum  annis 

30  XXY  regnasset.    Fuit  rex  armorum  quam  conviviorum  appara- 

tibus  studiosTor,  cui  maxime  opus  erant  instrumenta  bellorum: 

divitiarum  quaestus  quam  custodia  soUertior.      Itaque  inter 


—    21     — 

cotidianas  rapmas  semper  inops  erat.  Misericordia  in  eo  et 
perfidia  pari  jure  dilectae.  Nulla  apud  eum  turpis  ratio  vin- 
cendi.  Blandus  pariter  et  insidiosus,  alloquio  qui  plura  pro- 
mitteret  quam  praestaret;  in  seria  et  jocos  artifex.  Amicitias 
utilitate,  non  fide  colebat.  Gratiam  fingere  in  odio,  instruere  5 
inter  concordantes  odia,  apud  utrumque  gratiam  quaerere 
soUemnis  illi  consuetudo.  Inter  liacc  eloquentia  et  insignis 
oratio,  acummis  et  sollertiae  plena,  ut  nee  ornatui  facilTtas  nee 
facilitati  inventionum  deesset  ornatus. 

II.    Huic  Alexander  films  successit  et  virtute  et  vitiis  patre  10 
major.     Itaque  vincendi  ratio  utrlque  diversa.     Hie  aperta 
vi,  ille  artibus  bella  tractabat.   Deceptis  ille  gaudcre  hostibus, 
hie  palam  fusis.     PrudentTor  ille  consilio,  hie  animo  magni- 
ficentior.     Iram  pater  dissimulare,  plerumque  etiam  vincere: 
hie  ubi  exarsisset,  nee  dilatio  ultionis  nee  modus  erat.     Yini  15 
nimis  uterquc  avidus :  sed  ebrietatis  diversa  vitia.     Patri  mos 
erat  etiam  de  convivTo  in  hostem  procurrere,  manum  conserere, 
periculis  se  temere  ofi'erre:  Alexander  non  in  hostem,  sed  in 
sues  saeviebat.     Quam  ob  rem  saepe  Philippum  vulneratum 
proelia  remisere :  hie  amicorum  interfector  convivio  frequenter  20 
excessit.    Regnare  ille  eum  amicis  nolebat,  hie  in  amicos  regna 
exercebat.     Amari  pater  malle,  hie  metui.     Litterarum  cultus 
utrlque  simTlis.    Sollertiae  pater  majoris,  hie  fidei.  Verbis  atque 
oratione  Philippus,  hie  rebus  moderatior.    Parcendi  victis  filTo 
animus  et  promptior  et  honestior.     Frugalitati  pater,  luxuriae  25 
films  magis  deditus  erat,    Quibus  artibus  orbis  imperii  funda- 
menta  pater  jecit,  operis  totlus  gloriam  films  consummavit. 

8.    The  death  of  Alexander. 
I.     Quarto   die  Alexander   indubitatam  mortem   sentiens 
agnoscere  se  fatum  domus  majorum  suorum  ait:  nam  plerosqueao 
Aeacidarum  intra  tricesimum  annum  defunctos.   Tumultuantes 
deinde  milites  insidiisque  perire  regem  suspieantes  ipse  sedavit 


—     22     — 

eosque  omnes,  cum  prolatus  in  editissimum  urbis  locum  esset, 
ad  conspectum  suum  admlsit  osculandamque  dextram  suam 
fleutibus  porrexit.  Cum  lacrimarent  omnes,  ipse  non  sine 
lacrimis  tantum,  verum  sine  ullo  tristioris  mentis  argumento 

5fuitj  ut  quosdam  impatientms  dolentes  consolaretur,  quibus- 
dam  mandata  ad  parentes  eorum  daret:  adeo  sicut  in  hostem, 
ita  et  in  mortem  invictus  animus  fuit.  Dimissis  militibus  cir- 
cumstantes  amicos  percontatur,  videanturne  similem  sibi 
reperturi  regem?    Tacentibus  cunctis  tum  ipse,  se  hoc  quidem 

10  nescire,  at  illud  scire  vaticinarique  se  ac  paene  oculis  videre 
dixit,  quantum  sit  in  hoc  certamine  sanguinis  fusura  Mace- 
donia, quantis  caedibus,  quo  cruore  mortuo  sibi  parentatura. 
Ad  postremum  corpus  suum  in  Ammonis  templum  condi  jubet. 

II.  Cum  deficere  eum  amlci  viderent,  quaerunt,  quem  im- 
i5perTi  faciat  heredem.     Respondit:    dignissTmum.     Tanta    illi 

magnitudo  animi  fuit,  ut,  cum  Herciilem  filium,  cum  fratrem 
Aridaeum,  cum  Roxanen  uxorem  relinqueret,  oblltus  necessi- 
tudinum  dignissTmum  nuncuparet  heredem:  prorsus  quasi 
nefas  esset  viro  forti  alTum  quam  virum  fortem  succedere,  aut 

20  tanti  regni  opes  aliis  quam  probatis  relinqui.  Hac  voce  veliiti 
bellicum  inter  amicos  cecinisset  aut  malum  discordiae  misisset, 
ita  omnes  in  aemulationem  consurgunt  et  ambitione  vulgi  taci- 
tum  favorem  militum  quaerunt.  Sexto  die  praeclusa  voce 
exemptum  digito  aniilum  Perdiccae  tradidit,  quae  res  gliscen- 

25  tem  amicorum  dissensionem  sedavit.  Nam  etsi  non  voce  nun- 
cupatus  heres,  judicio  tamen  electus  videbatur. 

III.  Decessit  Alexander  mense  Junto  annos  tres  et  XXX 
natus,  vir  supra  humanam  potentiam  magnitudme  animi  prae- 
ditus.  Prodigia  magnitudmis  ejus  ipso  ortu  nonnuUa  apparuere. 

30  Nam  eo  die,  quo  natus  est,   duae  aquTlae  tota  die  perpetes 
supra  culmen  domus  patris  ejus  sederunt,  omen  duplicis  im-  . 
peril  Europae  Asiaeque  praeferentes.     Eodem    quoque    die 
nuntium  pater  ejus  duarum  victoriarum  accepit:  altera  belli 


—     23     — 

Illynci,  altera  certammis  Olympici,  in  quod  quadrigarum 
currus  miserat:  quod  omen  universarum  terrarum  victoriam 
infanti  portendebat.  Puer  acemmis  litterarum  studiis  erudltus 
fuit.  Exacta  pueritia  per  quinquennium  sub  Aristotele  doc- 
tore,  inclitissimo  omnium  philosophorum,  crevit.  Accepto  s 
deinde  imperio  regem  se  terrarum  omnium  ac  mundi  appellari 
jussit  tantamque  fiducTam  sui  militibus  fecit,  ut  illo  praesente 
nullius  hostis  arma  nee  inermes  timerent.  Itaque  cum  nullo 
hostium  umquam  congressus  est,  quern  non  vicerit;  nullam 
urbem  obsedit,  quam  non  expugnaverit;  nullam  gentem  adiit,  lo 
quam  non  calcaverit.  Yictus  demque  ad  postremum  est  non 
virtute  hostlli  sed  insidiis  suorum  et  fraude  civlli. 

lY.  Exstincto  in  ipso  aetatis  ac  victoriarum  flore  Alexan- 
dro  Magno  triste  apud  omnes  tota  Babylone  silentTum  fuit. 
Sed  nee  devictae  gentes  fidem  nuntto  habuerunt,  quod  ut  in-  is 
victum  regem  ita  immortalem  esse  crediderant,  recordantes 
quotiens  praesenti  morte  ereptus  esset,  quam  saepe  pro  amisso 
repente  se  non  sospitem  tantum  suis,  verum  etiam  victorem 
obtulisset.  Ut  vero  mortis  ejus  fides  adfuit,  omnes  barbarae 
gentes  paulo  ante  ab  eo  devictae  non  ut  hostem,  sed  ut  paren-  20 
tern  luxerunt.  Mater  quoque  Darei  regis,  quam  amisso  filio  a 
fastigio  tantae  majestatis  in  captivitatem  redacta  indulgentia 
victoris  in  earn  diem  vitae  non  paenituerat,  audita  morte  Ale- 
xandri  mortem  sibi  ipsa  consclvit,  non  quod  hostem  filTo  prae- 
ferret,  sed  quod  pietatem  filii  in  eo,  quem  ut  hostem  timuerat,  25 
experta  esset.  Contra  Macedones  versa  vice  non  ut  civem  ac 
tantae  majestatis  regem,  verum  ut  hostem  amissum  gaudebant 
et  severitatem  nimiam  et  adsidua  belli  periciila  exsecrantes. 

9.    ITie  earliest  history  of  Carthage. 
I.     Quoniam  ad  Carthaginiensium  mentionem  ventum  est,  30 
de  origine  eorum  pauca  dicenda  sunt,  repetltis  Tyriorum  paulo 
altius  rebus,  quorum  casus  etiam  dolendi  fuerunt,     Tyriorum 


—     24     — 

gens  condita  a  Phoenicibus  fuit,  qui  terrae  motu  vexati  relicto 
patriae  solo  Assyrium  stagnum  primo,  mox  mari  proximum 
litus  incoluerunt,  condita  ibi  urbe,  quam  a  piscmm  ubertate 
Sidona  appellaverunt:  nam  piscem  Phoenlces  sidon  vocant. 
6  Post  multos  deinde  annos  a  rege  Ascaloniorum  expugnati, 
navibus  appulsi  Tyron  urbem  ante  annum  Trojanae  cladis  cou- 
diderunt.  Ibi  Persarum  bellis  diu  varieque  fatigati  victores 
quidem  fuere,  sed  attrltis  viribus  a  servis  suis  multitudine 
abundantibus  indigna  supplicTa  perpessi  sunt:  qui  conspira- 

10  tione  facta  omnem  liberum  popiilum  cum  dominis  interficiunt 
atque  ita  potiti  urbe  lares  dominorum  occupant,  rem  publTcam 
invadunt,  conjuges  ducunt  et,  quod  ipsi  non  erant,  liberos 
procrcant. 

II.     Unus  ex  tot  milTbus  servorum  fuit,  qui  miti  ingenio 

15  senis  domini  parvullque  filii  ejus  fortuna  moveretur  dominos- 
que  non  truci  feritatc,  sed  pia  misericordiae  humanitate  respi- 
ceret.  Itaque  cum  velut  occlsos  alienasset  servisque  de  statu 
rei  publicae  deliberantibus  placuisset  regem  ex  corpore  sue 
creari  eumque  potissimum  quasi  acceptissimum  dis,  qui  solem 

2oorientem  primus  vidisset,  rem  ad  Stratonem  (hoc  enim  ei 
nomen  erat)  dominum  occulte  latentem  detillit.  Ab  eo  forma- 
tus,  cum  medio  noctis  omnes  in  unum  campum  processissent, 
ceteris  in  orientem  spectanttl^us  solus  occidentis  regionem  in- 
tuebatur.     Id  primum  aliis   videri  furor,   in  occidente  solis 

25  ortum  quaerere.  Ubi  vero  dies  adventare  coepit  editissimis- 
que  culmimbus  urbis  oriens  splendere,  spectantibus  aliis,  ut 
ipsum  solem  aspicerent,  hie  primus  omnibus  fulgorem  solis  in 
summo  fastigio  civitatis  ostendit.  Non  servTlis  ingenii  ratio 
visa;  requirentibus  auctorem  de  domino  confitetur. 

30  III.  Tunc  intellectum  est,  quantum  ingeniia  servilTbus 
ingenia  praestarent,  malitiaque  servos,  non  sapientia  vincere. 
Venia  igitur  seni  filioque  data  est,  et  velut  numine  quodam 
reservatos  arbitrantes    regem  Stratonem  creaverunt.     Post 


—     25    — 

cujus  mortem  regnum  ad  filTum  ac  deinde  ad  nepotes  transiit. 
Celebre  hoc  servorum  facinus  metuendumque  exemplum  toto 
orbe  terrarum  fuit.  Itaque  Alexander  Magnus,  cum  interjecto 
tempore  in  oriente  bellum  gereret,  velut  ultor  publicae  securi- 
tatis,  expugnata  eorum  urbe  omnes,  qui  proelio  superfuerant,  5 
ob  memoriam  veteris  caedis  crucibus  adfixit:  genus  tantum 
Stratonis  inviolatum  servavit  regnumque  stirpi  ejus  restituit, 
ingenuis  et  innoxiis  incolis  insiilae  attributis,  ut  exstirpato 
servlli  germme  genus  urbis  ex  integro  conderetur. 

lY.  Hoc  igitur  modo  Tyrii  Alexandri  auspiciis  conditi  10 
parsimonia  et  labore  quaerendi  cito  convaluere.  Ante  cladem 
dominorum  cum  et  opTbus  et  multitudme  abundarent,  miss  a  in 
AMcam  juventtite  Uticam  condidere:  cum  interim  Mutto  rex 
Tyri  decedit  filio  Pjgmalione  et  Elissa  filia,  insignis  formae 
virgme  heredibus  institutis.  Sed  populus  Pygmalioni  admo- 15 
dum  puero  regnum  tradidit.  Elissa  quoque  Acerbae  avunciilo 
suo,  sacerdoti  Herculis,  qui  honos  secundus  a  rege  erat,  nubit. 
Iluic  magnae,  sed  dissimulatae  opes  erant,  aurumque  metu 
regis  non  tectis,  sed  terrae  crediderat:  quam  rem  etsi  homines 
ignorabant,  fama  tamen  loquebatur.  20 

Y.  Qua  incensus  Pygmalion  oblltus  juris  humani  avun- 
culum  suum  eundemque  generum  sine  respectu  pietatis  occldit. 
Elissa  diu  fratrem  propter  scelus  aversata  ad  postremum  dissi- 
mulato  odio  mitigatoque  interim  vultu  fugam  tacito  molTtur 
adsumptis  quibusdam  principibus  in  societatem,  quibus  par  25 
odium  in  regem  esse  eandemque  fugiendi  cupiditatem  arbitra- 
batur.  Tunc  fratrem  dole  adgreditur:  fingit  se  ad  eum  migrare 
velle,  ne  amplius  ei  cupidae  oblivionis  mariti  domus  gravem 
luctus  imagmem  renovet  neve  ultra  amara  admonitio  oculis 
ejus  occurrat.  Non  invltus  Pygmalion  verba  sororis  audlvit  30 
existimans  cum  ea  et  aurum  Acerbae  ad  se  venturum. 

YI.   Sed  Elissa  ministros  migrationis  a  rege  missos  navibus 
cum  ommbus  opibus  suis  prima  vespera  imponit  provectaque 


—     26    — 

in  altum  compellit  eos  onera  harenae  pro  pecunia  involu- 
cris  involuta  in  mare  dejicere.  Tunc  deflens  ipsa  lugubrlque 
voce  Acerbam  ciet:  orat,  ut  libens  opes  suas  recipTat, 
quas  reliquerat,  babeatque  inferias,   quas  habuerat  causam 

6  mortis.  Tunc  ipsos  ministros  adgreditur:  sibi  quidem  ait 
optatam  olim  mortem,  sed  illis  acerbos  cruciatus  et  dira  sup- 
plicia  imminere,  qui  Acerbae  opes,  quarum  spe  parricidium 
rex  fecerit,  avaritiae  tyranni  subtraxerint.  Hoc  metu  omnibus 
injecto  comites  fugae  accepit.   Junguntur  et  senatorum  in  eam 

lonoctem  praeparata  agmina  atque  ita  sacris  Herculis,  cujus 
sacerdos  Acerbas  fuerat,  repetltis  exsilio  sedes  quaerunt. 

YII.  Primus  illis  appulsus  terrae  Cyprus  insula  fuit,  ubi 
sacerdos  Jo  vis  cum  conjuge  et  liberis  deorum  monitu  comitem 
se  Elissae  sociumque  praebuit,  pactus  sibi  posterisque  perpe- 

i5tuum  honorem  sacerdotii.  CondicTo  pro  manifesto  ornine 
accepta.  Virgmes  LXXX  admodum  Cyprias  raptas  navibus 
imponi  Elissa  jubet,  ut  et  juventus  matrimoma  et  urbs  subo- 
lem  habere  posset.  Dum  hacc  aguntur,  Pj-gmalion  cognita 
sororis  fuga,  cum  impio  bello  fugientem  persequi  parasset, 

2oaegre  precibus  matris  deorumque  minis  victus  quievit:  cui 
cum  inspirati  vates  canerent,  non  iraptine  incrementa  urbis 
toto  orbe  auspicatissimae  interpellaturum  esse,  hoc  modo  spa- 
tium  respirandi  fugientibus  datum.  Itaque  Elissa  delata  in 
Africae  sinum  incolas  ejus  loci  adventu  peregrinorum  mutu- 

25arumque  rerum  commercTo  gaudentes  in  amicitiam  sollicitat: 
dein  empto  loco,  qui  corio  bovis  tegi  posset,  in  quo  fessos 
longa  navigatione  socTos,  quoad  proficisceretur,  reficere  pos- 
set, corium  in  tenuissimas  partes  secari  jubet  atque  ita  majus 
loci  spatium,  quam  petierat,  occupat:   unde  postea  ei  loco 

30  Byrsae  nomen  fuit. 

YIII.  Confluentibus  deinde  vicinis  locorum,  qui  spe  lucri 
multa  hospitibus  venalia  inferebant,  sedesque  ibi  statuentibus 
ex  frequentia  hominum  velut  instar  civitatis  effectum  est. 


—    27     — 

XJticensmm  quoque  legati  dona  ut  consanguineis  attulerunt 
hortatique  sunt,  urbem  sibi  conderent,  ubi  sedes  sortiti  essent. 
Sed  et  Afros  detinendi  advenas  amor  cepit.  Itaque  consen- 
tientibus  omnibus  Carthago  conditur  statuto  annuo  vectigali 
pro  solo  urbis.  In  primis  fundamentis  caput  bubulura  inven-  5 
turn  est,  quod  auspicium  fructuosae  quidem,  sed  laboriosao 
perpetuoque  servae  urbis  fuit;  propter  quod  in  alium  locum 
urbs  translata.  Ibi  quoque  equi  caput  repertum,  bellicosum 
potentemque  populum  futurum  significans,  urbi  auspicatam 
sedem  dedit.  Tunc  ad  opinionem  novae  urbis  concurrentibus  10 
gentibus  brevi  et  populus  et  civitas  magna  facta. 

IX.  Condita  est  haec  urbs  LXXII  annis  ante  quam  Roma: 
cujus  virtus  sicut  bello  clara  fuit,  ita  rei  publicae  status  variis 
discordiarum  casibus  agitatus  est.  Cum  inter  cetera  mala 
etiam  peste  laborarent,  cruenta  sacrorum  religione  et  scelere  15 
pro  remedio  usi  sunt:  quippe  homines  ut  victimas  immolabant 
et  impuberes,  quae  aetas  etiam  hostium  misericordiam  provo- 
cat,  aris  admovebant,  pacem  deorum  sanguine  eorum  expo- 
scentes,  pro  quorum  vita  di  rogari  maxime  solent. 


—     28     — 


C.  JULIUS  CAESAE. 

10.    First  landing  in  Britain. 

I.  Exigua  parte  aestatis  reliqua  Caesar,  etsi  in  his  locis, 
quod  omnis  Gallia  ad  septentriones  vergit,  maturae  sunt  hie- 

6  nies,  tamen  in  Britanniam  proficisci  contendit,  quod  omnibus 
fere  GallTcis  bellis  hostibus  nostris  inde  subministrata  auxilia 
intelligebat:  et,  si  tempus  anni  ad  bellum  gerendum  deficeret, 
tamen  magno  sibi  usui  fore  arbitrabatur,  si  modo  insulam. 
adisset,    genus   hommurn  pcrspexisset,    loca,   portus,    aditus 

locognovisset:  quae  omnia  fere  Gallis  erant  incognita.  ]S"eque 
enim  temere  praetor  mercatores  illo  adit  quisquam,  neque  iis 
ipsis  quicquam  praeter  oram  maritimam  atque  eas  regiones, 
quae  sunt  contra  Gallias,  notum  est.  Itaque  evocatis  ad  se 
undique  mercatoribus  neque  quanta  esset  insulae  magnitudo, 

15  neque  quae  aut  quantae  nationes  incolerent,  neque  quern 
usum  belli  haberent  aut  quibus  institutis  uterentur,  neque  qui 
essent  ad  majorum  navium  multitudmem  idonei  portus,  repe- 
rlre  poterat. 

II.  Ad  haec  cognoscenda,  priusquam  periciilum  faceret, 
aoidoneura  esse  arbitratus   Gajum  Yolusenum  cum  navi  longa 

praemittit.  Huic  mandat,  uti  exploratis  omnibus  rebus  ad  se 
quam  primum  revertatur:  ipse  cum  omnibus  copiis  in  Morinos 
proficiscitur,  quod  inde  erat  brevissimus  in  Britanniam  tra- 
jectus.  Hue  naves  undique  ex  finitimis  regionibus  et,  quam 
25  superiore  aestate  ad  Yeneticum  bellum  fecerat,  classem  jubet 
con  venire.  Interim  consilio  ejus  cognito  et  per  mercatores 
perlato  ad  Britannos  a  compluribus  ejus  insulae  civitatibus  ad 


—     29     — 

eum  legati  veniunt,  qui  polliceantur  obsides  dare  atque  ira- 
perio  populi  Romrmi  obtemperare.  Quibus  audltis,  liberaliter 
poUicitus  hortatusque,  ut  in  ea  sententia  permanerent,  eos 
domura  remittit  et  cum  his  una  Commium,  quern  ipse  Atreba- 
tibus  superatis  regem  ibi  constituerat,  cujus  et  virtutem  et  s 
consilium  probabat  et  quem  sibi  fidelem  arbitrabatur,  cujus- 
que  auctoritas  in  iis  regionibus  magni  habebatur,  mittit.  Huic 
imperat,  quas  possit,  adeat  civitates  horteturque  ut  populi 
Romani  fidem  sequantur;  seque  celeriter  eo  venturum  nuntiet. 
Yolusenus  perspectis  regionibus  quantum  ei  facultatis  dariio 
potiiit,  qui'navi  egredi  ac  se  barbaris  committere  non  auderet, 
quinto  die  ad  Caesarem  revertitur;  quaeque  ibi  perspexisset 
renuntiat. 

III.     Dum  in  his  locis  Caesar  navium  parandarum  causa 
moratur,  ex  magna  parte  ^lorinorum  ad  cum  legati  venerunt,  is 
qui  se  de  superioris  temporis  consilTo  excusarent,  quod  homi- 
nes barbari  et  nostrae  consuetudmis  impcriti  bell  am  populo 
Romano  Iccissent,  seque  ea,  quae  imperasset,  facturos  pollice- 
rentur.     Hoc  sibi  satis  opportune  Caesar  accidissc  arbitratus, 
quod  neque  post  tergum  hostem  relinquere  volebat,  neque  belli  20 
gerendi  propter  anni  tempus  facultatem  habebat,  neque  has 
tantularum  rerum  occupationes  sibi  Britanniae  anteponendas 
judicabat,   magnum  iis    numerum   obsTdum  imperat.     Quibus 
adductis   eos   in  fidem  recepit.     Navibus   circiter  octoginta 
onerariis    coactis    contractisque,    quod    satis    esse    ad  duas  25 
transportandas  legiones  existimabat,  quod  praeterea  navium 
longarum  habebat,  quaestori,  legatis  praefectisquc  distribiiit. 
Hue  accedebant  octodecim  onerariae  naves,  quae  ex  eo  loco 
ab  milibus  passiium  octo  vento  tenebantur,  quo  minus  in  eun- 
dem  portum  pervenire  possent.     Has  equitibus  distribiiit;  re- 30 
liquum  exercTtum  Quinto  TiturTo  Sabino  et  Lucio  Aurunculejo 
Cottae   legatis  in  Menapios  atque  in  eos  pages  Morinorum, 
ab  quibus  ad  eum  legati  non  venerant,  deducendum  dedit. 


—     30     — 

Publium  Sulpicium  Rufum  legatum  cum  eo  praesidTo,   quod 
satis  esse  arbitrabatur,  portum  tenere  jussit. 

lY.  His  constitutis  rebus  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigan- 
dum  tempestatem    tertia    fere    vigilia   solvit   equitesque  in 

5  ulteriorem  portum  progredi  ct  naves  conscendere  et  se  sequi 
jussit:  a  quibus  cum  id  paulo  tardius  essct  adniinistratum,  ipse 
hora  circTter  diei  quarta  cum  primis  navibus  Britanniam  atti- 
git  atquc  ibi  in  omnibus  collTbus  expositas  hostium  copTas  ar- 
matas  conspexit.     Cujus  loci  haec  crat  natura,  atque  ita  mon- 

10  tibus  angustis  marc  continebatur,  uti  ex  locis  superioribus  in 
littus  telum  adjTci  posset.  Hunc  ad  egrediendum  nequaquam 
idoneum  locum  arbitratus,  dum  relTquae  naves  eo  convenirent, 
ad  lioram  nonam  in  ancoris  cxspectavit.  Interim  legatis  tri- 
bunisquc  milTtum  convocatis  et  quae  ex  Yoluseno  cognosset, 

15  et  quae  fieri  vellet,  ostendit  monuitque  (ut  rei  militaris  ratio, 
maxime  ut  maritimae  res  postularent,  ut  quae  celerem  atque 
instabTlcm  motum  haberent),  ad  nutum  et  ad  tempus  omnes  res 
ab  iis  administrarentur.  His  dimissis  et  ventum  et  aestum 
uno  tempore  nactus  secundum  dato  signo  et  sublatis  ancoris 

20  circiter  milia  passuum  septem  ab  eo  loco  progressus  aperto  ac 
piano  littore  naves  constituit. 

Y.  At  barbari  consilio  Romanorum  cognito  praemisso 
equitatu  et  essedariis,  quo  plerumque  genere  in  proeliis  uti 
consuerunt,   reliquis  copiis  subsecuti  nostros  navibus  egredi 

25  prohibebant.  Erat  ob  has  causas  summa  difficultas,  quod 
naves  propter  magnitudmcm  nisi  in  alto  constitiii  non  pote- 
rant,  militibus  autem  ignotis  locis,  impedltis  manibus  magno 
et  gravi  armorum  onerc  oppressis  simul  et  de  navibus  desili- 
endum   et    in  fluctibus  consistendum   et  cum  hostibus  erat 

sopugnandum,  cum  illi  aut  ex  arido  aut  paululum  in  aquam 
progressi  omnibus  membris  expedltis  notissTmis  locis  audac- 
ter  tela  conjicerent  et  equos  insuefactos  incitarent.  Quibus 
rebus  nostri  perterriti  atque    hujus  omnino  generis  pugnae 


—     31     — 

imperiti  non  eadem  alacritate  ac  studio,  quo  in  pedestribus 
uti  proelTis  consueverant,  utebantur. 

YI.     Quod  ubi  Caesar  ammum  advertit,   naves  longas, 
quarum  et  species  erat  barbaris  inusitatior  et  motus  ad  usum 
expcditior,  paulum   removeri  ab  onerariis  navibus   et  remis  c 
incitari  et  ad  latus   apertum    hostium  constitui  atquc  inde 
fundis,  sagittis,  tormentis  hostes  propelli  ac  subraoveri  jussit: 
quae  res  magno  usiii  nostris  fuit.     Nam  et  navium  figiira  et 
remorum  motu  et  inusitato  gen  ere  tormentor  um  permoti  bar- 
bari  constiterunt  ac  paulum  modo  pedem  retulerunt.     Atque  lo 
nostris  militibus  cunctantibus,   maxime  propter  altitudmem 
maris,  qui  decTmae  legionis  aquilam  ferebat,  contestatus  deos, 
ut  ea  res  legioni  feliciter  evenlret:  ^^Desilite",  inquit,  '^com- 
militones,   nisi  vultis   aquilam  hostibus  prodere:    ego  certe 
meum  reipublTcae  atque  imperatori  officTum  praestitero".    Hoc  is 
cum  magna  voce  dixisset,  se  ex  navi  projecit  atque  in  hostes 
aquilam  ferre  coepit.     Tum  nostri  cohortati  inter  se,  ne  tan- 
tum  dedecus  admitteretur,  universi  ex  navi  desiluerunt:  hos 
item  ex  proximis  navibus  cum  conspexissent,  subsectiti  hosti- 
bus appropinquarunt.  20 

11.    On  the  habits  of  the  Germans. 
I.     Gcrmani  multum  ab  consuetudme  Gallorum  differunt: 
nam  neque  druides  habent,  qui  rebus  divinis  praesint,  neque 
sacrificiis  student.     Deorum  numero  eos  solos  ducunt,  quos 
cernunt  et  quorum  aperte  opibus  juvantur,  Solem  et  Yulcanum  25 
et  Lunam:  reliquos  ne  fama  quidem  acceperunt.     Vita  omnis 
in  vcnationibus  atque  in  studiis  rei  militaris  consistit.     Agri- 
culturae  non  student;  majorque  pars  victus  eorum  in  lacte, 
caseo,  came  consistit:  neque  quisquam  agri  modum  certum 
aut  fines  habet  proprTos;  sed  magistratus  ac  principes  in  annos  so 
singulos  gentibus  cognationibusque  hommum,  qui  una  coie- 
runt,  quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est  agri  attribuunt  atque  anno 


—     32     — 

post  alio  transire  cogunt.  Ejus  rei  multas  afferunt  causas:  ne 
adsidua  consuetudine  capti  studtum  belli  gerendi  agricultura 
commutent;  ne  latos  fines  parare  studeant,  potentioresque 
humiliores  possessionibus  expellant;  ne  accuratius  ad  frigora 

6  atque  aestus  vitandos  aedificent;  ne  qua  oriatur  pecuniae  cu- 
piditas,  qua  ex  re  factiones  dissensionesque  nascuntur;  ut 
animi  aequitate  plebem  contineant,  cum  suas  quisquc  opes  cum 
potentissTmis  aequari  videat. 

n.     Civitatibus  maxima  laus  est  quam  latissimas  circum 

10  se  vastatis  finibus  solitudines  habere.  Hoc  proprium  virtutis 
existimant,  expulsos  agris  finitimos  cedere,  neque  quemquam 
prope  audere  consistere:  simul  hoc  se  fore  tutiores  arbitrantur, 
repentlnae  incursionis  timore  sublato.  Cum  bellum  civitas 
aut  illatum  defendit  aut  infert;  magistratus,  qui  ei  bello  prae- 

i5sint,  ut  vitae  necisque  habeant  potestatem,  deliguntur.  In 
pace  nullus  est  communis  magistratus,  sed  princTpes  regionum 
atque  pagorum  inter  suos  jus  dicunt  controversiasque  minu- 
unt.  Latrocinia  nullam  habent  infamiam,  quae  extra  fines 
cujusque  civitatis  fiunt,  atque  ea  juventutis  exercendae  ac  de- 

20  sidiae  minuendae  causa  fieri  praedicant.  Atque  ubi  quis  ex 
principibus  in  concilTo  dixit  se  ducem  fore,  qui  sequi  velint, 
profiteantur,  consurgunt  ii,  qui  et  causam  et  hominem  pro- 
bant,  suumque  auxilium  poUicentur  atque  ab  multitudine  col- 
laudantur:  qui  ex  iis  secuti  non  sunt,  in  desertorum  ac  prodi- 

25torum  numero  ducuntur,  omniumque  his  rerum  postea  fides 
derogatur.  Hospites  violare  fas  non  putant;  qui  quaque  de 
causa  ad  eos  venerunt,  ab  injuria  prohibent,  sanctos  habent, 
hisque  omnium  domus  patent  victusque  communicatur. 


33    — 


M.  TULLIUS  CICEKO. 

12.    Solon. 

I.  Prudentissima  civitas  Atheniensium,  dum  ea  rerum  potlta 
est,  fuisse  traditur.  Ejus  civitatis  sapientissTmum  Solonem  di- 
cunt  fuisse,  eum  qui  leges  quibus  hodie  quoque  utuntur  scripse-  5 
rit.  Cujus  imprimis  versutum  et  callidum  factum  est  quod,  quo 
et  tutior  vita  ejus  esset  et  plus  aliquando  rei  publicae  prodesset 
furere  se  simulaverit.  Idem  cum  interrogaretur,  cur  nullum 
supplicium  constituisset  in  eum  qui  parentem  necasset,  respon- 
dit  se  id  neminem  facturum  putasse.  Sapienter  fecisse  dicitur  10 
cum  de  eo  nihil  sanxerit,  quod  antea  commissum  non  erat,  ne 
non  tam  prohibere  quam  admonere  videretur.  Idem  contincri 
rem  publicam  duabus  rebus  dixit:  praemTo  et  poena.  Idem  ca- 
pite  sanxit,  si  qui  in  seditione  non  alterlus  utrlus  partis  fuisset. 

II.  Honestum  illud  Solonis  est  quod  ait  versiculo  quodam:  15 
^^senescere  se  multa  in  dies  addiscentem";  qua  voluptate  animi 
nulla  certe  potest  esse  major.    Prudentibus  enim  et  bene  insti- 
tutis  studia  doctrlnae  pariter  cum  aetate  crescunt. 

Animosior  etiam  interdum  senectus  est  quam  adulescentia 
et  fortior.     Hoc  illud  est  quod  Pisistrato  —  cujus  orientemso 
tyranmdem  multo  ante  prospexerat  vir  prudens  in  re  publica 
exercitatus  —  a  Soloue  rcsponsura  est,  cum  illi  quaerenti,  qua 
tandem  spe  fretus  sibi  tam  audaciter  obsisteret,  respondisse 
traditur:  Senectute.  —  Ejusdem  Solonis  elogium  est,  quo  se 
negat  velle  suam  mortem  dolore  amicorum  et  lamentis  vacare:  25 
Mors  mea  ne  careat  lacrTinis;  linquamus  amicis 
Maerorem,  ut*)  celebrent  funera  cum  geinitu. 

*)  Maerorem,  ut  —  to  he  read,  maeror'  ut. 


—     34     — 

13.    Leonidas. 

I.  Praeclarae  sunt  mortes  imperatoriae.  Leonidas,  rex 
Lacedaemoniorum,  se  in  Thermopylis  trecentosque  eos  quos 
eduxerat  Sparta,  cum  esset  proposita  aut  fuga  turpis  aut  glo- 

5riosa  mors,  opposuit  hostibus.  — Idem  Leonidas:  'Trandete", 
inquit,  ^'animo  forti,  Lacedaemonii,  hodie  apud  inferos  fortasse 
cenabimus".  —  Ibi  alacri  magnoque  animo  occiderunt  omnes, 
in  quos  Simonides: 

^'Dic,  hospes,  Spartae  nos  te  vidisse  jacentes, 

10  Dum  Sanctis  patriae  legibus  obsequTmur". 

II.  Fuit  haec  gens  fortis  dum  Lycurgi  leges  vigebant.  E 
quibus  unus,  cum  Perses  hostis  in  colloquTo  dixisset  glorians: 
''Solcm  prae  jaculorum  multitudine  et  sagittarum  non  vide- 
bitis",  —  '^In  umbra  igitur",    inquit,    ''pugnabimus".     Yiros 

iscommemoro;  qualis  tandem  Lacaena?  quae  cum  filTum  in  proe- 
ITum  misisset  et  interfectum  audisset:  "'Idcirco",  inquit,  '^ge- 
nueram,  ut  esset  qui  pro  patria  mortem  non  dubitaret  occum- 
bere".  Esto:  fortes  et  duri  Spartiatae;  magnam  habet  vim 
rei  publicae  disciplina. 

20  IJf'    Tliemistocles. 

I.  Tliemistocles  post  victoriam  ejus  belli  quod  cum  Persis 
fait  dixit  in  contione  se  habere  consilium  rei  publicae  salutare, 
sed  id  sciri  non  opus  esse:  postulavit,  ut  aliqucm  populus 
daret  quocum  communicaret.     Datus  est  Aristldes.    Huic  ille, 

25  classem  Lacedaemoniorum  quae  subducta  esset  ad  Gjtheum 
clam  incendi  posse,  quo  facto  frangi  Lacedaemoniorum  opes 
necesse  esset.  Quod  Aristldes  cum  audisset,  in  contioncm 
magna  exspectatione  venit  dixitque  perutTle  esse  consilium 
quod  Tliemistocles  adfcrret,   sed  minime  honestum.     Itaque 

30  Athenicnses,  quod  honestum  non  esset,  id  ne  utfle  quidem 
putaverunt  totamque  eam  rem,  quam  ne  audierant  quidem, 
auctore  Aristlde  repudiaverunt. 


—     35     — 

II.  Apud  Graecos  fertur  incredibili  quadam  magnitudine 
consilii  atque  ingenii  Atheniensis  ille  fuisse  Themistocles:  ad 
quern  quidam  doctus  homo  atque  in  primis  erudltus  accessisse 
dicitur  eique  artem  memoriae,  quae  turn  primum  proferebatur, 
pollicTtus  esse  se  tradittirum;  cum  ille  quaesisset,  quidnam  ilia  b 
ars  cfficere  posset,  dixisse  ilium  doctorem:  ut  omnia  memi- 
nisset;  et  ei  Themistoclem  respondisse,  gratms  sibi  ilium  esse 
facturum,  si  se  oblivisci  quae  vellet  quam  si  meminisse  do- 
cuisset. 

III.  Noctu  ambulabat  in  publico  Themistocles,  quod  som-  lo 
num  capere  non  posset:  quaerentibus  respondebat,  Miltiadis 
tropaeis  se  e  somno  suscitari. 

Themistocles  fertur  Seriphio  cuidam  in  jurgTo  respondisse, 
cum  ille  dixisset  non  eum  sua,  sed  patriae  gloria  splendorem 
adsecutum:  ^'Nec  hercule",  inquit,  ^'si  ego  Seriphius  essem,  15 
nee  tu,  si  Atheniensis  esses,  clarus  umquam  fuisses". 

Idem  cum  consuleretur  utrum  bono  viro  pauperi  an  minus 
probato  diviti  filiam  collocaret:  '^Ego  vero",  inquit,  ''male 
virum,  qui  pecunia  egeat,  quam  pecumam,  quae  viro". 

15.    Alexander  the  Great.  20 

I.  Qua  nocte  templum-  Ephesiae  Dianae  deflagravit,  eadem 
constat  ex  Olympiade  natum  esse  Alexandrum;  atque  ubi 
lucere  coepisset,  clamitasse  Magos  pestem  ac  pernicTem  Asiae 
proxima  nocte  natam.  Concinne  Timaeus  in  historia  adjunxit, 
minime  id  esse  mirandum  quod  Diana,  cum  Olympiadi  adesse  25 
voluisset,  abfuisset  domo, 

II.  Quam  multos  scriptores  rerum  suarum  magnus  ille 
Alexander  secum  habuisse  dicitur  I  Atque  is  tamen,  cum  in 
Sigeo  ad  A  chillis  tumiilum  adstitisset:  *^0  fortunate",  inquit, 
'^adulescens,  qui  tuae  virtutis  Homerum  praeconem  invene-30 
risi"  Et  vere.  Nam  nisi  Ilias  ilia  exstitisset,  idem  tumulus 
qui  corpus  ejus  contexerat  nomen  etiam  obruisset. 


—     36     — 

III.  Cum  Ptolemaeus  familiaris  Alexandri  in  proelio  telo 
venenato  ictus  esset  eoque  vulnere  summo  cum  dolore  morere- 
tur,  rex  adsidens  somno  est  consopltus.  Tum  secundum  quie- 
tem  visus  ei  dicTtur  draco  is,  quem  mater  OlympTas  alebat, 

6  radiculam  ore  ferre  et  simul  dicere  quo  ilia  loco  nasceretur  — 
neque  is  longe  aberat  ab  eo  loco,  —  ejus  autem  esse  vim  tan- 
tam  ut  Ptolemaeum  facile  sanaret.  Cum  Alexander  experrec- 
tus  narrasset  amicis  somnium,  emisisse  qui  illam  radiculam 
quaererent:    qua  inventa,  et  Ptolemaeus  sanatus  dicitur  et 

lomulti  milites  qui  erant  eodem  genere  teli  vulnerati. 

lY.  Est  profecto  quiddam  etiam  in  barbaris  gentibus  prae- 
sentiens  atque  divlnans,  siquTdem  ad  mortem  proficiscens 
Calanus  Indus,  —  indoctus  et  barbarus,  in  radicTbus  Caucasi 
natus,  —  cum  inscenderet  in  rogum  ardentem  quo  sua  volun- 

letate  vivus  combureretur:  '^0  praeclarum  discessum",  inquit, 
*'e  vita,  cum,  ut  Herculi  contTgit,  mortali  corpore  cremato  in 
lucem  animus  excessSritI"  Cumque  Alexander  eum  rogaret, 
si  quid  vellet  ut  dicSret:  '^Optime",  inquit,  ^'propediem  te  vi- 
debo".    Quod  ita  contTgit.     Nam  Babylone  paucis  post  diebus 

20  Alexander  est  mortiius. 

16.    Dionysius,  Tyrant  of  Syracuse. 
I.     Duodequadraginta  annos  tyrannus  Syracusanorum  fuit 
Dionysius,  cum  quinque  et  viginti  natus  annos  dominatum 
occupavisset.     Qua  pulchritudine  urbem,  qui  bus  autem  opibus 

25praedTtam  servitute  oppressam  teniiit  civitatemi  Atqui  de 
hoc  homine  a  bonis  auctoribus  sic  scriptum  accepimus,  sum- 
mam  fuisse  ejus  in  victu  temperantiam  in  rebusque  gerundis 
virum  acrem  et  industrium,  eundem  tamen  maleficum  natura 
et  injustum.     Ex  quo  omnibus  bene  veritatem  intuentibus 

sovideri  necesse  est  miserrimum.  Ea  enim  ipsa  quae  concu- 
pierat  ne  tum  quidem,  cum  omnia  se  posse  censebat,  conse- 

'   quebatur. 


—     3t     - 

II.  Qui  cum  esset  bonis  parentibus  atque  honesto  loco 
natus,  —  etsi  id  quidem  alms  alio  modo  tradidit,  —  abun- 
daretque  acqualium  familiaritatibus  et  consuetudme  propin- 
quorum,  credebat  eorum  nemmi,  sod  eis,  quos  ex  familiis 
locupletium  servos  delegerat,  quibus  nomen  servitutis  ipse  5 
detraxerat,  et  quibusdam  convenis  et  feris  barbaris  corporis 
custodiam  committebat.  Ita  propter  injustam  dominatus  cupi- 
ditatem  in  carcerem  quodam  modo  ipse  se  incluserat.  Quin 
etiam  ne  tonsori  colMm  committeret,  tondere  filTas  suas  docuit. 
Ita  sordido  atque  ancillari  artificio  regiae  virgmes  ut  tonstri- 10 
culae  tondebant  barbam  et  capillum  patris.  Et  tamen  ab  eis 
ipsis,  cum  jam  essent  adultae,  ferrum  removit  instituitque  ut 
candentibus  juglandium  putaminibus  barbam  sibi  et  capillum 
adurerent. 

III.  Cumque  duas  uxores  haberet,  Aristomachen  civemis 
suam,  Doridem  autem  Locrensem,  sic  ad  eas  ventitabat  ut 
omnia  specularetur  et  perscrutaretur  ante.  Et  cum  fossam 
latam  cubiculari  lecto  circumdedisset  ej usque  fossae  transitum 
ponticiilo  ligneo  conjunxisset,  eum  ipsum,  cum  forem  cubiciili 
clauserat,  detorquebat.  Idemque  cum  in  communibus  sug-20 
gestis  consistere  non  auderet,  contionari  ex  turri  alta  solebat. 
Atque  is  cum  pila  ludere  vellet,  —  studiose  enim  id  factitabat, 
—  tunicamque  poneret,  adulescentiilo  quem  amabat  tradidisse 
gladium  dicitur.  Hie  cum  quidam  familiaris  jocans  dixisset: 
'^Huic  quidein  certe  vitam  tuam  committis",  adrisissetque  25 
adulescens,  utrumque  jussit  interfici:  alterum  quia  viam  de- 
monstravisset  interimendi  sui,  alterum  quia  dictum  id  risu 
approbavisset.  Atque  eo  facto  sic  doluit,  nihil  ut  tulerit  gra- 
vius  in  vita:  quem  enim  vehementer  amarat  occiderat.  Sic 
distrahuntur  in  contrarias  partes  impotentmm  cupiditates.        30 

ly.  Quamquam  hie  quidem  tjrannus  ipse  judicavit  quam 
esset  beatus.  Nam  cum  quidam  ex  ejus  adsentatorilnis,  Da- 
mocles, commemoraret  in  sermone  copTas  ejus,  opes,  majestatem 


—     38     ~ 

dominatus,  rerum  abundantiam,  magnificentiam  aedium  re- 
giarum,  negaretque  unquam  beatiorem  quemquam  fuisse: 
^'Yisne  igitur",  inquit,  ''o  Damocle,  quoniam  te  haec  vita 
delectat,  ipse  eandem  degustare  et  fortunam  experiri  meam?" 

5  Cum  se  ille  cupere  dixisset,  collocari  jussit  hommem  in  aureo 
lecto  strato  pulchemmo  textlli  stragulo,  magnificis  operibus 
picto,  abacosque  complures  ornavit  argento  auroque  caelato. 
Turn  ad  mensam  eximia  forma  pueros  delectos  jussit  consistere 
eosque  nutum  illius  intucntes  diligenter  tninistrare.     Aderant 

lounguenta,  coronae;  incendcbantur  odores;  mensae  conquisitis- 
sTmis  epulis  exstruebantur. 

Y.  Fortunatus  sibi  Damocles  videbatur.  In  hoc  medio 
apparatu  fulgentem  gladium  e  lacunar!  saeta  equina  aptum 
demitti  jussit,  ut  impenderet  illius  beati  cervicibus.     Itaque 

15  nee  pulchros  illos  ministratores  aspiciebat  nee  plenum  artis 
argentum  nee  manum  porrigebat  in  mensam;  jam  ipsae  de- 
fluebant  coronae:  deniquc  exoravit  tyrannum,  ut  abire  liceret, 
quod  jam  beatus  nollet  esse.  Satisne  videtur  declarasse  Di- 
onysius,  nihil  esse   ei  beatum  cui  semper  alTqui  terror  im- 

20  pendeat  ? 

YI.  Damonem  et  Phintiam  Pythagoreos  ferunt  hoc  ammo 
inter  so  fuisse  ut,  cum  eorura  alteri  Dionysius  tyrannus  diem 
necis  destinavisset  et  is  qui  morti  addictus  esset  paucos  sibi 
dies  commendandorum  suorum  causa  postulavisset,  vas  factus 

25  sit  alter  ejus  sistendi,  ut,  si  ille  non  revertisset,  moriendum 
esset  ipsi.  Qui  cum  ad  diem  se  recepisset,  admiratus  eorum 
fidem  tyrannus  petlvit,  ut  se  ad  amicitiam  tertium  adscri- 
berent. 

YII.     Dionysius   cum  fanum   Proserpinac  Locris   expila- 

3ovisset,  navigabat  Syractisas;  isque  cum  secundissimo  vento 
cursum  teneret,  ridens:  ^'Yidetisne",  inquit,  '^amlci,  quam 
bona  a  dis  immortalibus  navigatio  sacrilegis  detur?"  Idque 
homo  acutus  cum  bene  planeque  percepisset,  in  eadem  sententia 


—     39     — 

perseverabat:  qui  cum  ad  Peloponnesum  classem  appulis- 
set  et  in  fanum  venisset  Jovis  Olympii,  aureum  ei  detraxit 
amiculum  grandi  pondere,  quo  Jovem  ornarat  e  manubiis 
Carthaginiensium  tyrannus  Gelo,  atque  in  eo  etiam  cavillatus 
est,  aestate  grave  esse  aureum  amiculum,  hieme  frigidum,  5 
elque  laneum  pallium  injecit,  cum  id  esse  aptum  ad  omne  anni 
tempus  diceret.  Idemque  AesculapTi  Epidauri  barbam  auream 
demi  jussit;  neque  enim  convenire  barbatum  esse  filTum,  cum 
in  omnibus  fanis  pater  imberbis  esset. 

YIII.     Idem  mensas  argenteas  de  omnibus  delubris  jussit  10 
auferri,  in  quibus  quod  more  veteris  GraecTae  inscriptum  esset 
''Bonorum   Deorum",    uti   se  eorum   bonitate  velle  dicebat. 
Idem  Yictoriolas  aureas  et  pateras  et  coronas,  quae  simula- 
crorum    porrectis    manibus    sustinebantur,    sine    dubitatione 
tollebat  eaque  se  accipere,   non  auferre  dicebat:   esse  enim  15 
stultitiam,  a  quibus  bona  precaremur,  ab  eis  porrigentibus  et 
dantibus  nolle  sumere.     Eumdemque  ferunt  haec  quae  dixi 
sublata  de  fanis  in  forum  protulisse  et  per  praeconem  vendi- 
disse  exactaque  pecunia  edixisse  ut,  quod  quisque  a  sacris 
haberet,  id  ante  diem  certam  in  suum  quidque  fanum  referret.  20 
Ita  ad  impietatem  in  deos  in  liommes  adjunxit  injuriam. 

17.    Socrates. 
I.     De  Socrate  accepTmus  et  ab  ipso  in  libris  Socraticorum 
saepe  dicitur,  esse  divlnum  quiddam  (quod  daemonium  appcl- 
lat)   cui  semper  ipse  paruerit,    numquam  impellenti,   saepe  25 
revocanti.     Et  Socrates  quidem  —  quo  quem  auctorem  me- 
liorem  quaerimus?   —  Xenophonti    consulenti    sequereturno 
Cyrum,  postea  quam  exposuit  quae  ipsi  videbantur:  ^^Et  no- 
strum quidem",  inquit,  '^lumanum  est  consilium,  sod  de  rebus 
et  obscuris  et  incertis  ad  ApollTnem  censeo  referendum";  ad  30 
quem  etiam  Athenienses  publico  de  majoribus  rebus  semper 
rettulerunt.  —  Scriptum  est  item,  cum  Critonis  sui  familiaris 


—     40    — 

oculum  adligatum  vidisset,  quaesivisse  quid  esset;  cum  autem 
ille  respondisset  in  agro  ambulanti  ramulum  adductum,  ut 
remissus  esset  in  oculum  suum  recidisse,  turn  Socrates :  '  'Non 
enim  paruisti  mihi  revocanti,  cum  uterer  qua  soleo  praesagi- 

stione  divina".  —  Idem  etiam  Socrates,  cum  apud  Delium  male 
pugnatum  esset  Lachete  praetore  fugeretque  cum  ipso  Lachete, 
ut  ventum  est  in  trivium,  eadem  qua  ceteri  fugere  noliiit. 
Quibus  quaerentlbus  cur  non  eadem  via  pergeret,  deterreri  se 
a  deo  dixit.     Tum  quidem  ei  qui  alia  via  fugerant  in  bostium 

10  equitatum  inciderunt. 

II.  Memoriam  Plato,  Socratem  sccutus  magistrum,  recor- 
dationem  esse  vult  superioris  vitae.  Nam  in  illo  libro  qui 
inscribitur  Meno  pusionem  quemdam  Socrates  interrogat  quae- 
dam  de  dimensione   quadrati.     Ad  ea  sic  ille  respondit  ut 

ispuer,  et  tamen  ita  facTles  interrogationes  sunt  ut  gradatim 
respondens  eodem  pervemat  quo  si  geometrTca  didicisset.  Ex 
quo  effici  vult  Socrates,  ut  discerc  nihil  alTud  sit  nisi  recordari. 

III.  Socrates,  cum  esset  ex  eo  quaesTtum  Archelaum, 
Perdiccae  filium,   qui  tum  fortunatissTmus  liaberetur,   nonne 

2obeatum  putaret:  '^Haud  scio",  inquit,  ''numquam  enim  cum 
eo  collocutus  sum".  —  ^^Ain  tu?  An  tu  aliter  id  scire  non 
potes?"  —  ^'Nullo  niodo".  —  ^'Tu  igitur  ne  de  Persarum  qui- 
dem rege  magno  potes  dicere  beatusne  sit?"  —  'An  ego 
possim,  cum  ignorem  quam  sit  doctus,  quam  vir  bonus?"  — 

25  ''Quid?  tu  in  eo  sitam  vitam  beatam  putas?"  —  "Ita  prorsus 
existimo:  bonos  beatos,  improbos  miseros".  —  ''Miser  ergo 
Arclielaus?"  —  "Certe,  si  injustus". 

lY.  Socrates,  cum  omnium  sapientissTmus  esset  sanctis- 
simeque  vixisset,  ita  in  judicTo  capitis  pro  so  ipse  dixit,  ut  non 

30  supplex  aut  reus,  sed  magister  aut  dommus  videretur  judicum. 
Quin  etiam  cum  ei  scriptam  orationem  disertissimus  orator 
Lysias  attulisset,  quam  si  ei  videretur  edisceret,  ut  ea  pro  so 
in  judicTo  uteretur,  non  invltus  legit  et  commode  scriptam  esse 


„    41     — 

dixit;  '^sed",  inquit,  ''ut  si  mihi  calceos  Sicyonios  attulisses, 
non  uterer,  quamvis  essent  hablles  et  apti  ad  pedem,  quia  non 
essent  virlles:  sic  illam  orationem  disertam  sibi  et  oratoriam 
videri,  fortem  et  virllcm  non  videri".  Ergo  ille  quoque  dam- 
natus  est;  iieque  solum  primis  sententiis,  quibus  tantum  sta-  5 
tuebant  judices,  damnarent  an  absolverent,  sed  etiam  illis  quas 
iterura  legibus  ferre  debebant.  Erat  enim  Athenis  rco  daranato, 
si  fraus  non  capitalis  esset,  quasi  poenae  aestimatio;  et  sen- 
tentia  cum  judicibus  daretur,  interrogabatur  reus,  quam  quasi 
aestimationem  commeruisse  se  maxime  confiteretur.  Quod  10 
cum  interrogatus  Socrates  esset,  respondit  sese  meruisse  ut 
amplissTmis  honoribus  et  praemiis  decoraretur  et  ut  ei  victus 
cotidianus  in  Prytaneo  publice  praeberetur,  qui  honos  apud 
Graecos  maximus  habetur.  Cujus  responso  judices  sic  exar- 
serunt,  ut  capitis  hominem  innocentissTmum  condemnarent.       15 

Y.  Est  apud  Platonem  Socrates,  cum  esset  in  custodia 
publica,  dicens  Critoni  suo  familiari  sibi  post  tertium  diem 
esse  moriendum:  vidisse  sc  in  somnis  pulcliritudine  eximia 
femmam,  quae  se  nomine  appellans  diceret  Homericum  quem- 
dam  ejus  modi  versum:  20 

'Tertia  te  Plithlae  tempestas  laeta  locabit." 
Quod  ut  est  dictum,  sic  scribitur  contigisse. 

YI.  Et  supremo  vitae  die  de  animi  immortalitate  multa 
disseruit  et  paucis  ante  diebus,  cum  facile  posset  educi  e  cu- 
stodia, noluit  et  tum  paene  in  manu  jam  mortiferum  illud25 
tenens  pociilum  locutus  ita  est,  ut  non  ad  mortem  trudi,  verum 
in  caelum  videretur  adscendere.  Ita  enim  censebat  itaque 
disseruit:  duas  esse  vias  duplicesque  cursus  animorum  e  cor- 
pore  excedentium.  Nam  qui  se  humanis  vitiis  contaminavis- 
sent  et  se  totos  libidimbus  dedissent,  quibus  caecati  velso 
domesticis  vitiis  atque  flagitiis  se  inquinavissent  vel  re  publica 
yiolanda  fraudes  inexpiabfles  concepissent,  eis  devium  quod- 
dam  iter  esse,  seclusum  a  concilio  deorum;   qui  autem  se 


—     42     — 

integros  castosque  servavissent  qui  ij  usque  fuisset  minima  cum 
corporibus  contagio  seseque  ab  eis  semper  sevocavissent 
essentque  in  corporibus  liumanis  vitam  imitati  deorum,  eis  ad 
illos,  a  quibus  essent  profecti,  reditum  facTlem  patera.    Itaque 

5  commemorate  ut  cycni,  qui  non  sine  causa  Apollmi  dicati  sint 
sed  quod  ab  eo  divinationem  habere  videantur  qua  providentes 
quid  in  morte  boni  sit  cum  cantu  et  voluptate  moriantur,  — 
sic  omnibus  bonis  et  doctis  esse  faciendum. 

VII.     His  et  talibus  fere  verbis  cum  de  immortalitate  ani- 

10  morum  disputavisset  et  jam  moriendi  tempus  urgeret,  rogatus 
a  Critone  quem  ad  modum  sepeliri  vellet:  '^Multam  Ycro", 
inquit,  '^operam,  amici,  frustra  consumpsi.  Critoni  enim 
nostro  non  persuasi  me  hinc  avolaturum  neque  mei  quidquam 
relicturum.     Yerum  tamen,  Crito,  si  me  adsequi  potueris  aut 

15  sicubi  nactus  eris,  ut  tibi  videbitur,  sepellto.  Sed,  mihi  crede, 
nemo  me  vestrum,  cum  hinc  excessero,  consequetur. "  Prae- 
clare  id  quidcm,  qui  et  amlco  pcrmiserit  et  se  ostenderit  de 
hoc  toto  genere  nihil  laborare. 

18.    Demosthenes. 

20  I.  In  Atheniense  Demosthene  tantum  studium  fuisse  tan- 
tusque  labor  dicTtur,  ut  primum  impedimenta  naturae  dili- 
gentia  industriaque  superaret;  cumque  ita  balbus  esset,  ut 
ejus  ipsius  artis  cui  studeret  primam  literam  non  posset  dicere, 
perfecit  meditando,  ut  nemo  planius  esse  locutus  putaretur. 

25Deinde  cum  spiritus  ejus  esset  angustior,  tantum.  continenda 
anima  in  dicendo  est  adsecutus,  ut  una  continuatione  ver- 
borum,  id  quod-  ejus  scripta  declarant,  binae  ei  contentiones 
vocis  et  remissiones  continerentur;  qui  etiam,  ut  memoriae 
proditum  est,  conjectis  in  os  calculis,  summa  voce  versus 

somultos  uno  spiritu  pronuntiare  consuescebat;  neque  is  con- 
sistens  in  loco,  sed  inambulans  atque  adscensu  ingrediens 
arduo. 


In  Phalericum  portum  descenderc  ibique  ad  fluctum  ajunt 
declamare  solitum  Demosthenem,  ut  fremitum  maris  adsues- 
ceret  voce  vincere. 

II.     Demosthenes  illo  susnrro  delectari  se  dicebat  aquam 
ferentis  mulierculae,  nt  mos  in  Graecia  est,  insusurrantisque  5 
alteri:  ^'Hic  est  ille  Demosthenes ! " —  Quid  hoc  Icvius?     At 
quantus  orator ! 

Sine  actione  summus  orator  esse  in  numero  nullo  potest, 
raediocris  hac  instructus  summos  saepe  superare.     Huic  pri- 
mas  dedisse  Demosthenes  dicitur,  cum  rogaretur  quid  in  di- 10 
cendo  esset  primum;  huic  secundas,  huic  tertias.     Quo  mihi 
melius  ctiam  illud  ab  Aeschme  dictum  videri  solet;  qui  cum 
propter  ignomimam  judicii  cessisset  Athenis  et  se  Rhodum 
contulisset,  rogatus  a  Rhodiis  legisse  fertur  orationem  illam 
egregiam  quam  in  Ctesiphontem  contra  Demosthenem  dixerat;  15 
qua  perlecta  petltum  est  ab  eo  postridie,  ut  legeret  illam  etiam 
quae  erat  contra  a  Demosthene  pro  Ctesiphonte  edita.     Quam 
cum  suavissTma  et  maxima  voce  legisset   admirantibus  om- 
nibus:    ^'Quanto",    inquit,    ''magis  miraremmi  si  audissetis 
ipsum!"  —  Ex  quo  satis  significavit  quantum  esset  in  actione,  20 
qui  orationem  eamdem  aliam  fore  putarit  actore  mutato. 

19.    The  test  sawce. 
Parvo  cultu  natura  contenta  est.  —  Dareus  in  fuga  cum 
aquam  turbidam  et  cadaveribus  inquinatam  bibisset,  negavit 
umquam  se  bibisse  jucundTus;  numquam  scilicet  sitlens  bi-25 
berat.     Nee  esuriens  Ptolemaeus  ederat;  cui  cum  peragranti 
Aegyptum  comitibus  non  consecutis  cibarius  in  casa  panis 
datus  esset,  nihil  visum  est  illo  pane  jucundius.     Socratem 
ferunt,   cum  usque  ad  vesperum  contentius  ambularct   quae- 
situmque  esset  ex  eo,  qua  re  id  faceret,  respondisse  se  quo  30 
melius  cenaret  opsonare  ambulando  famem.  — Quid?  victum 
Lacedaemoniorum   in    phiditiis  nonne  videmus?     Ubi  cum 


~    44    ~ 

tyrannus  cenavisset  DionjsTus,  negavit  sc  jure  illo  nigro,  quod 
cenae  caput  erat,  dclectatum.  Turn  is  qui  ilia  coxerat:  '^Mi- 
nime  mirum;  condimenta  enim  defuerunt". —  *^Quae  tandem?" 
inquit  ille.  —  ''Labor  in  venatu,  sudor,  cursus  ad  Eurotara, 

5  fames,  sitis.  His  enim  rebus  Lacedaemoniorum  epiilae  con- 
diuntur".  —  Atque  hoc  non  ex  hominum  more  solum,  sed 
etiam  ex  bestiis  intellegi  potest:  quae,  ut  quidquid  objectum 
est  quod  modo  a  natura  non  sit  alienum,  eo  contentae  non 
quaerunt  amplius.    Civitates  quaedam  universae,  more  doctae, 

10  parsimonia  delectantur,  ut  de  Lacedaemoniis  paullo  ante  di- 
ximus.  Persarum  a  Xenophonte  victus  exponitur,  quos  negat 
ad  panem  adhibere  quidquam  praeter  nasturtium. 

^0.    Burial  service  at  Mhens. 
Athenis  jam  ille  mos  a  Cecrope,  ut  ajunt,  permansit  cor- 

15  pus  terra  humandi,  quod  cum  proxTmi  fecerant  obductaque 
terra  erat,  frugibus  obserebatur,  ut  sinus  et  gremium  quasi 
matris  mortuo  tribueretur,  solum  autem  frugibus  expiatum,  ut 
vivis  redderetur.  Sequebantur  epulae  quas  inlbant  propinqui 
coronati,  apud  quos  de  mortui  laude  cum  quidquid  veri  erat 

20  praedicatum,  — nam  mentlri  nefas  habebatur,  —  justa  con- 
fecta  erant.  Postea  cum,  ut  scribit  Phalereus,  sumptuosa 
fieri  funera  et  lamentabilTa  coepissent,  Solonis  lege  sublata 
sunt:  de  sepulcris  autem  nihil  est  apud  Solonem  amplTus  quam 
" ne  quis  ea  deleat  neve  alienum  inferat",  poenaque  est  ''si 

25  quis  bustum,  aut  nionumentum  ",  inquit,  "aut  columnam  vio- 
larit,  dejecerit,  fregerit".  Sed  post  aliquanto  propter  has 
amplitu dines  sepulcrorum,  quas  in  Ceramlco  yidemus,  lege 
sanctum  est  ' '  ne  quis  sepulcrum  faceret  operosius  quam  quod 
decem  homines  efiecerint  triduo".     Neque  id  opere  tectorio 

30  exornari,  nee  Hermas  hos,  quos  vocant  licebat  imponi,  nee  de 
mortui  laude  nisi  in  publicis  sepulturis  nee  ab  alio  nisi  qui 
publice  ad  eam  rem  constitutus  esset  dici  licebat.     Sublata 


—    45    — 

etiam  erat  celebritas  virorum  ac  mulierum,  quo    lamentatio 
minuerctur:  auget  enim  luctum  concur sus  hommum. 

Sed  ait  rursus  idem  Demetrius  increbruisse  earn  funerum 
sepulcrorumque  magnificentiam,  quae  nunc  fere  Romae  est. 
Quam  consuetudmem  lege  minuit  ipse.  Fuit  enim  hie  vir,  ut  5 
scitis,  non  solum  eruditissimuS;  sed  etiam  civis  tuendae  civi- 
tatis  peritissTmus.  Iste  igitur  sumptum  minuit  non  solum 
poena^  sed  etiam  tempore:  ante  lucem  enim  jussit  efferri. 
Sepulcris  autem  novis  finlvit  modum.  Nam  super  terrae  tu- 
mulum  noluit  quidquam  statui  nisi  columellam  tribus  cubitis  10 
non  altiorem  aut  mensam  aut  labellum;  et  huic  procurationi 
certum  magistratum  praefecerat. 

21.    Aratus  of  Sicyon. 
Aratus  SicyonTus  jure  laudatur  qui,  cum  ejus  civitas  quin- 
quaginta  annos  a  tyrannis  teneretur,  profectus  Argis  Sicyonem  15 
clandestlno  introitu  urbe  est  potltus,  cumque  tyrannum  Ni- 
coclem  improvTso  oppressisset,  sescentos  exsules  qui  locuple- 
tissimi  fuerant  ejus  civitatis  restituit  remque  publicam  adventu 
suo  liberavit.     Sed  cum  magnam  animadverteret  in  bonis  et 
possessionibus  difficultatem,  quod  et  eos,  quos  ipse  restituerat,  20 
quorum  bona  alii  possederant,  egere  iniquissimum  esse  arbi- 
trabatur,  et  quinquaginta  annorum  possessiones  moveri  non 
nimis  aequum  putabat,  propterea  quod  tam  longo  spatio  multa 
hereditatibus,  multa  emptionibus,   multa  dotibus  tenebantur 
sine  injuria:  judicavit  neque  illis  adimi  nee  his  non  satis  fieri  25 
quorum  ilia  fuerant  oportere.     Cum  igitur  statuisset  opus  esse 
ad  cam  rem  constituendam  pecunia,  Alexandriam  se  proficisci 
velle  dixit  remque  integram  ad  reditumsuum  jussit  esse;  isque 
celeriter  ad  Ptolemaeum  suum  hospitem  venit,  qui  tum  regna- 
bat  alter  post  Alexandriam  conditam.     Cui  cum  exposuisset  30 
patriam  se  liberare  velle  causamque  docuisset,  a  rege  opulento 
vir  summus  facile  impetravit,  ut  grandi  pecunia  adjuvaretur. 


—    46    — 

Quam  cum  Sicyonem  attulisset  adhibuit  sibi  in  consilium 
quindecim  principes,  cum  quibus  causas  cognovit  et  eorum  qui 
aliena  tenebant,  et  eorum  qui  sua  amiserant;  perfecitque 
aestimandis  possessionibus  ut  persuaderet  aliis  ut  pecuniam 
6  accipere  mallent,  possessionibus  cederent,  aliis  ut  commodTus 
putarent  numerari  sibi  quod  tanti  esset  quam  suum  recuperare. 
Ita  perfectum  est,  ut  omnes  concordia  constituta  sine  querella 
discederent.  0  virum  magnum  dignumque,  qui  in  re  publica 
nostra  natus  esset  I 

10  22.    A  remarhable  dream, 

Clarum  admodum  sommnTum  commemoratur.  —  Cum  duo 
quidam  Arcades  familiares  iter  una  facerent  et  Megaram  ve- 
nissent,  alterum  ad  cauponem  devertisse,  ad  hospTtem  alterum. 
Qui  ut  cenati  quiescerent,  concubia  nocte  visum  esse  in  somnis 

15  ei  qui  erat  in  hospitio  ilium  alterum  orare  ut  subvenlret,  quod 
sibi  a  caupone  interitus  pararetur;  eum  prime  perterritum 
somnio  surrexisse:  dein  cum  se  collegisset  idqiie  visum  pro 
nihilo  habendum  esse  duxisset,  recubuisse;  tum  ei  dormienti 
eumdem  ilium  visum  esse  rogare  ut,  quomam  sibi  vivo  non 

20  subvenisset  mortem  suam  ne  inultam  esse  pateretur,  se  inter- 
fectum  in  plaustrum  a  caupone  esse  conjectum  et  supra  stcrcus 
injectum;  petere  ut  mane  ad  portam  adesset,  prius  quam  plau- 
strum ex  oppido  exiret.  Hoc  vero  eum  somnio  commotum 
mane  bubulco  praesto  ad  portam  fuisse,  quaesisse  ex  eo  quid 

25  esset  in  plaustro:  ilium  perterritum  fugisse,  mortuum  eriitum 
esse,  cauponem  re  patefacta  poenas  dedisse. 


—    41 


PHAEDRUS. 

23.    The  luolf  and  the  lamh. 

Ad  viwum*)  eundem  lupus  et  agnus  veneraut 
Siti  compulsi ;  superior  stabat  lupus 

Longequ(?  inferior  agnus.     Tunc  fauce  improba  6 

Latro  incitatus  jurgii  causam  intulit. 
Cur,  inquit,  turbulentam  fecisti  mihi 
Aquam  bibenti  ?    Laniger  contra  timens: 
Qui  possum,  quaeso  facere,  quod  quereris,  lupe  ? 
A  te  decurrit  ad  meos  haustus  liquor.  lo 

Kepulsus  ille  veritatis  viribus: 
Ante  hos  sex  menses  male,  ait,  dixisti  mihi. 
Eespondit  agnus:  equidem  natus  non  eram. 
Pater  hercle  tuus  ibi,  inquit,  male  dixit  mihi. 
Atque  ita  correptum  lacerat  injusta  nece.  15 

Haec  propter  illos  scripta  est  homines  fabula, 
Qui  fictis  causis  innocentes  opprimunt. 

2-4'    The  frogs  and  their  king. 

Ath^nae  cum  florerent  aequis  legibus, 
Procax  libertas  civitatem  miscuit  20 

Frenumque  solvit  pristinum  licentia. 
Hie  conspiratis  factionum  partibus 
Arcem  tyrannus  occupat  Pisistratus. 
Cum  tristem  servitutem  flerent  Attici, 

(Non  quia  crudelis  ille,  sed  quoniam  grave  25 

Omne  insuetis  onus)  et  coepiss6nt  queri, 
Aesopus  talem  tum  fabellam  rettulit. 

Banae  vagantes  liberis  paludibus 
Clamore  magno  r^gem  petiere  a  Jove, 


*)  Syllables  printed  in  ItoXics  are  suppressed  by  Elision.  {887,) 


^    48     — 

Qui  dissolutos  mores  vi  compesceret. 
Pat^r  deorum  risit  atque  illis  dedit 
Parviim  tigillum,  missum  quod  subit6  vadi 
Motu  sonoque  terruit  pavidiim  genus. 

5  Hoc  mersum  limo  cum  jac6ret  diiitius, 

Forte  una  tacite  profert  e  stagno  caput 
Et  explorato  rege  cunctas  evocat. 
Illae  timore  posito  certatiwi  adnatant 
Lignumque  supra  turba  petulans  insilit. 

10  Quod  cum  inquinassent  omni  conturaelia, 

Alium  rogantes  regem  misery  ad  Jovem, 
Iniitilis  quoniam  6sset  qui  fuerat  datus. 
Turn  misit  illis  hydrum,  qui  dente  aspero 
Corripere  coepit  singulas.    Frustra  necem 

16  Fugilant  inertes,  vocem  praecludit  metus. 

Furtim  igitur  dant  Merciirio  mandata  ad  Jovem, 
Adflictis  ut  succurrat.    Tunc  contra  deus: 
Quia  noluistis  vestrum  ferre,  inquit,  bonum, 
Malum  perferte.  —  Vos  quoque,  o  cives,  ait, 

20  Hoc  sustinete,  majus  ne  veniat  malum. 

25.    The  ivolf  and  the  crane. 
Qui  pretium  meriti  ab  Improbis  desiderat, 
Bis  peccat:  primum  qu6nia?7i  indignos  adjuvatj 
Impune  abire  deinde  quia  jam  non  potest. 

26  Os  devoratum  fauce  cum  baererdt  lupi, 

Magno  dolore  victus  coepit  singulos 
micere  pretio,  ut  Illud  extraberent  malum. 
Tandem  persuasa  est  jure  jurando  gruis, 
Gulaeque  credens  colli  longitudinem, 

30  Periculosam  fecit  medicinam  lupo. 

A  quo  cum  pactum  flagitaret  praemium: 
Ingrata  es,  inquit,  ore  quae  e  nostro  caput 
Incolume  abstuleris  ^t  mercedem  postules. 


—     49     — 

26.    The  ass  and  the  lion  in  partnership, 

Yirtiitis  expers  verbis  jactans  gloriam 
Ignotos  fallit,  notis  est  derisui. 

Venari  asello  comite  cum  vell^t  leo, 
Cont^xit  ilium  frutice  et  admonuit  simul,  6 

Ut  insueta  voce  terreret  feras, 
Fugientes  ipse  exciperet.     Hie  auritulus 
Clamorem  subito  totis  tollit  viribus, 
Novoque  turbat  bestias  miraculo. 

Quae  diim  paventes  exitus  notos  petunt,  lo 

Leonis  adfligimtur  liorrendo  impetu. 
Qui  postquam  caede  fessus  est,  asin um  evocat 
Jub^tque  vocem  pr^mere.    Tunc  ille  insolens: 
Quails  videtur  opera  tibi  vocis  meae  ? 

Insignis,  inquit,  sic  ut,  nisi  nossem  tuum  16 

Animum  genusque,  simili  fugissem  metu. 

27.    The  fox  and  the  crow. 

Qui  86  laudari  gaiidet  verbis  subdolis, 
Sera  dat  poenas  turpes  poenit^ntia. 

Cum  de  fenestra  corvus  raptum  caseum  20 

Comesse  vellet,  celsa  residens  arbore, 
Yulpes  hunc  vidit,  delude  sic  coeplt  loqui: 
0  qui  tuarum,  corve,  pennarum  est  niter  ! 
Quantum  decoris  corpore  et  vultu  geris  ! 
Si  vocem  liaberes,  nulla  prior  ales  foret.  26 

At  ille  stultus,  dum  vult  vocem  ost^ndere, 
Emisit  ore  caseum,  quem  cel^riter 
Dolosa  vulpes  avidis  rapuit  dentibus. 
Turn  d^mwm  ingemuit  corvi  deceptiis  stupor. 

28.    Tl%e  aged  lion,  9o 

Quicumque  amisit  dignitatem  pristinam, 
Ignavis  etiam  jocus  est  in  casii  gravi. 

Def^ctus  annis  et  desertus  viribus 
Leo  cum  jac6ret  spiritum  extremiim  traliens, 


—     50     — 

A-per  fulmineis  ad  eum  venit  d^ntibus 
Et  vindicavit  ictu  Yeterem  injiiriam. 
Infestis  taurus  mox  confodit  cornibus 
Hostile  corpus.    Asinus,  ut  vidit  fcrum 
6  Impime  laedi,  calcibus  frontem  extudit. 

At  ille  exspirans:  Fortes  indigne  tuli 
Milii  insultare:  te,  naturae  dedecus, 
Quod  ferre  cogor,  c^rte  bis  videor  mori. 

£9.    The  hite  and  the  cloves. 

10  Qui  se  committit  homini  tutandwm  improbo, 

Auxilia  dum  requirit,  exitii^m  invenit. 

Coliimbae  saepe  ciim  fugissent  miluum 
Et  celeritate  pennae  vitassent  necem , 
Consilium  raptor  vertit  ad  fallaciam 

16  Et  genus  inerme  tali  decepit  dolo: 

Quare  sollicitum  potius  aevum  diicitis, 
Quam  regem  me  crcatis  icLo  foedere, 
Qui  vos  ab  omni  tutas  praeste^i  injuria  ? 
Illae  credentes  tradunt  scsc  miluo; 

20  Qui  regnwm  adeptus  coepit  vesci  singulas 

Et  exercere  imperium  saevis  iinguibus. 
Tunc  d6  relicuis  una:  Merito  plectimur. 

30.    The  two  mules, 
Mali  gravati  sarcinis  ibant  duo: 

25  TJni'is  ferebat  fiscos  cum  pecimia, 

Alter  tumentes  miilto  saccos  hordeo. 
Ille  onere  dives  celsa  cervice  6minet 
Clarlimque  collo  jactat  tintinnabulum , 
Corals  quieto  sequitur  et  placido  gradu. 

30  Subito  latrones  6x  insidiis  advolant 

Int^rque  caedem  ferro  mulum  sauciant, 
Diripiunt  nummos,  neglegunt  vile  hordeum. 
Spoliatus  igitur  casus  cum  fleret  sues: 


—    61     — 

Equidem,  inquit  alter,  me  contemptum  gaudeo, 
Nam  nil  amisi  nee  sum  laesus  vulnere. 

Hoc  argumento  tuta  est  hominum  tenuitas; 
Magnae  periclo  sunt  opes  obnoxiae. 

31.    The  dog  and  the  wolf,  5 

Quam  diilcis  sit  libertas,  breviter  proloquan 
Cani  perpasto  macie  confectus  lupus 
Forte  occucurrit.     D6in  salntatuon  invicem 
Ut  restiterunt:  Unde  sic,  quaeso,  nites? 
Aut  quo  cibo  fecisti  tantum  corporis  ?  tb 

Ego,  qui  sum  longe  fortior,  pereo  fame. 
Canis  simpliciter:  eadem  est  condicio  tibi, 
Praestare  domino  si  par  officium  potes. 
Quod  ?  inquit  ille.    Gustos  ut  sis  liminis, 
A  furibus  tuearis  et  noctii  domum.  15 

Ego  vero  sum  paratus:  nunc  patiOr  nivcs 
Imbresque  in  silvis  asperam  vitam  trahens: 
Quanto  est  facilius  mihi  sub  tecto  vivere, 
Et  otiosum  largo  satiari  cibo  ? 

Veni  ergo  mecum.    Dum  procedunt,  aspicit  20 

Lupus  a  catena  coilum  detritiim  cani. 
Unde  hoc,  amice  ?    Nihil  est.    Die,  quaeso,  tamen. 
Quia  videor  acer,  alligant  me  interdiu. 
Luce  lit  quiesca77i  et  vigilem,  nox  cum  venerit: 
Crepusculo  solutus,  qua  visum  est,  vagor.  25 

Adfertur  ultro  panis;  de  mensa  sua 
Dat  ossa  dominus;  frusta  jactant  familia 
Et,  quod  fastidit  quisque,  pulmentarium. 
Sic  sine  labore  venter  impletiir  mens. 

Age,  abire  siquo  est  animus,  est  lic^ntia  ?  30 

Non  plane  est,  inquit.    Friiere,  quae  laudas,  canis: 
Regnare  nolo,  liber  at  non  sim  mihi. 


—    62    -- 

32.    The  fox  and  the  sour  grapes. 
Fame  coacta  viilpes  alta  in  vinea 
Uvam  appetebat  siimmis  saliens  viribus, 
Quam  tangere  ut  non  potuit,  discedens  ait: 
5  Nondiim  matura  est;  nolo  acerbam  sumere. 

Qui  facere  quae  non  possunt  verbis  elevant, 
Adscribere  hoc  debebunt  exempliira  sibi. 

33.    The  ungrateful  snahe. 
Qui  fert  malis  auxilium,  post  tempiis  dolet. 
10  Gel II  rigentem  quidam  colubram  siistulit 

Siniique  fovit,  contra  Be  ipse  mis^ricors; 
Namque  lit  refecta  est,  necuit  hominem  protinus. 
Ilanc  alia  cum  rogaret  causam  facinoris, 
Respondit:  Nequis  discat  prodesse  improbis. 

15  34'    The  discontented  stag. 

Laudatis  utiliora,  quae  contempseris, 
Saepe  inveniri  haec  adserit  narratio. 

Ad  fontem  cervus,  cum  bibisset,  restitit 
Et  in  liquore  vidit  eflBgi^m  suam. 

20  Ibi  diim  ramosa  mirans  laudat  cornua 

Cruriimque  nimiam  tenuitatem  vitiiperat, 
Yenantum  subito  vocibus  cont^rritus 
Per  campum  fugere  coepit  et  cursu  levi 
Canes  elusit.     Silva  turn  excepit  ferum, 

25  In  qua  retentis  impeditus  cornibus 

Lacerari  coepit  morsibus  saevis  canum. 
Tunc  moriens  vocem  banc  edidisse  dicitur: 
O  me  infelicem  !  qui  nunc  demum  int^llego, 
Utilia  mihi  quam  fiierint,  quae  desp^xeram, 

30  Et,  quae  laudaram,  quantum  luctus  habiierint 


NOTES. 


M.  JUSTINIANUS  JUSTINUS. 

Justin,  of  whose  personal  history  nothing  is  Is:nown,  is  supposed 
to  have  lived  at  Rome  in  the  third  century  after  Christ.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled:  HiMoriarum  Philippicarum  Libri 
XLIV,  founded  on  a  lost  work  of  Trogus  Pompejus^  a  historian  of 
the  Augustan  age.  Justin  seems  to  have  compiled  selections  from 
it,  and  his  history  contains  a  great  variety  of  information  that  would 
not  otherwise  have  been  preserved.  His  style  is  clear  and  some- 
times elegant,  and  the  greater  part  of  his  vocabulary  may  be  found 
in  Livy.  He  has  some  peculiarities  in  diction  and  construction  which 
are  not  in  accordance  with  those  standards  of  prose,  Caesar  and 
Cicero,  but  they  will  hardly  injure  the  Latinity  of  beginners. 


1.    TJie  Assyrians. 

Page 

3  principio  rerum,  Abl.  of  time  when.  672.*)  —  penes  reges,  in  the  1. 
hands  of  the  kings. 

5  spectata  inter  bonos  moderatio,  moderation  which  had  been 
tried  among  the  good. 

6  nullis  legibus,  by  no  laws,  Abl.  of  Means.  go5.  —  pro  legibus 
erant,  were  instead  of  laws  =  supplied  the  place  of  laws. 

8  intra  suam  cuique  patriam,  to  each  one  within  his  own 
country;  quisque  is  generally  placed  after  se,  suus,  qui;  the  Dative 
cuique  depends  on  finiebantur;  it  is  used  instead  of  the  genitive 
depending  on  patriam.  —  primus  omnium;  Partitive  Genitive.  566. 6. 

9  quasi  avitum  gentibus  morem,  a  custom  as  it  were  hereditary 
to  the  nations. 

10  imperii  cupiditate,  by  his  ambition  for  power;  Instmmental 
Abl.  60S. 


*)  TJiese  references  are  to  paragraphs  o/ Ahn-Henn's  Latin  Grammar. 


—     54     — 

Page 

1.  11  rudes  resistendi  popuios,  nations  inexperienced  in  making 
resistance;  adjectives  denoting  knowledge  and  their  opposites  take 
the  Genitive.   567.  i;  843. 

12  usque,  as  far  as,  with  the  Ace.  termmos,  to  denote  the  place 
whither.  —  quaesltae  dominatiOnis,  of  the  dominion  that  he  had 
sought  for. 

13  continua  possessione,  Instrumental  Abl.  eos.  —  domitis  proxl- 
mis,  having  subdued  the  nearest  7ieighbors;  Abl.  Absol.  837. 

14  accessione  virlum  is  Instrumental  Abl.  belonging  to  fortior.  — 
proxima  quaeque  victoria,  evei^y  last  victot'y. 

16  illi  fuit,  he  had;  Dative  denoting  the  j^ossessor.  594. 

17  qui  dicitur,  who  is  said;  Nom.  w.  Inf.  821. 

19  hoc  occlso,  Abl.  Absol.  836.  —  relicto  filio  Ninya  et  uxore  Se- 
miramide;  Abl.  Absol;  the  Participle  rehcto  agrees  with  Ninya,  and 
is  understood  to  Semiramide.  836. 

21  murumque  urbi  cocto  latere  circumdedit,  she  put  round  the 
city  a  wall  of  baked  brick;  circumdare  takes  a  dative  with  an  ac- 
cusative, or  an  accusative  with  an  ablative.  593.  —  cocto  latere, 
Abl.  of  Quality,  6I6. 

22  liargnae  vice,  instead  of  sand.  —  bitumine  interstrato,    Abl. 

Absol.    836. 

24  praeclara,  illustrious  deeds;  the  neuter  of  the  adjective  used 
as  a  substantive.   702. 

25  imperio  adjecit;  verbs  compounded  with  ad  take  the  Dative.  S92. 

26  quos.  .nemo  intravit,  into  ivhose  country,  .no  one  penetrated. 

2.  1  duo  et  XXX  annos;  time  how  long  is  in  the  Ace.  674.  —  regno 
potlta,   having  held  possession  of  the  kingdom;  potiri  takes  the 

Abl.     626. 

2  contentus  takes  the  Abl.  625.  —  elaborate  a  parentibus  imperio, 
ivith  the  dominion  acquired  by  the  labors  of  his  parents. 

3  veliiti  mutasset,  as  if  he  had  changed;  veluti,  conjunction  of 
comparison,  takes  the  Subjunctive.   772. 

6  mille  trecentos  annos,  time  how  long  is  in  the  Ace.    674. 

8  muliere  corruptior,  more  corrupt  than  a  woman;  Abl.  of  Com- 
parison.  609, 


—     55     — 

Page 

9  ad  hunc  videndum,  to  see  Mm;  the  Ace.  of  the  Gerund  is  fre-  2. 
quently  used  after  ad  to  denote  purpose.  845. 

10  praefectus  ipsius  Medis  praepositus,  his  oivn  prefect  ivhom  he 
fiad placed  over  the  Medians. — nomine  Arbactus,  AM.  of  Limitation.  608. 

11  invenit  eum  nentem  et  partientem,  he  found  him  spinning  and 
distribiUlng;  verbs  of  perceivimj  take  the  Ace.  with  the  Present 
Participle  when  the  object  is  to  be  represented  as  actually  seen.  S33. 

12  colo  nentem,  spinning  loiih  a  distaff;  colo,  Abl.  of  Means.  — 
muliebri  habitu,  in  a  looman's  dress;  Abl.  of  Manner.   6i3. 

13  qui  bus  visis  indignatus,  heing  indignant  at  what  he  had  seen; 
the  relative  used  instead  of  the  demonstrative,  and  the  Abl.  of  Cause 
depending  on  indignatus.  m4. 

14  tot  viros . .  par5re,  Ace.  w.  Inf.  after  indignari,  a  verb  of 
emotion,  sis. 

15  quid  viderit  refert,  he  reports  what  he  has  seen;  the  Subjunc- 
tive viderit  in  an  Indirect  Question,  soi;    refert,  Historical  Present.   7S2. 

—  negat  se  parere  posse,  he  says  he  cannot  obey;  instead  of  dicere 
with  a  negative  clause  the  Latins  generally  use  negare  with  an 
affirmative  clause. 

16  qui  se  feminam  maht  esse  quam  virum,  loho  likes  better  to 
he  a  woman  than  a  man;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  after  a  verb  of  icishing.   8i4. 

—  malit  is  in  the  Subjunctive  depending  on  the  Accus.  with  Inf.  se 
parere  posse.  826. 

17  quo  audito,  having  heard  this;  Abl.  Absol. 

18  regnum  defensurus,  in  defense  of  his  kingdom;  the  Future 
Participle  denotes  either  intention  or  being  on  the  point  of.  74i.  — 
metu  mortis,  from  fear  of  death.  604. 

21  exstructa  incensaque  pyra,  having  erected  and  set  on  fire  a 
funeral  pile;  Abl.  Absol.   837. 

22  hoc  solo,  hereby  alone;  Abl.  of  Means,  eos. 

^.    As  ty ages  and  Cyrus. 

26  per  ordinem  successionis,  in  regular  succession;  per  denoting 
the  manner  in  which  a  thing  is  done.    645. 

27  per  somnum,  during  =  in  his  sleep.  —  ex  filia  quam  unTcam 
habebat,  from  the  only  daughter  he  had;  the  adjective  unlearn  ia 
the  relative  clause  properly  belongs  to  the  antecedent  filla.   554. 


—     50     — 
Page 

2.  28  vitem  enatara,  supply  esse;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  vidit.  812. 

20  obumbraretur,  would  he  overshadowed;  the  Subjunctive  in  a 
clause  depending  upon  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.  826.  —  consulti  harioli,  the 
soothsayers  who  had  been  consulted;  Participle  equivalent  to  a 
relative  sentence.  833.  —  nepotem  futurum  (esse),  Ace.  w.  Inf.  de- 
pending on  responderunt. 

30  praenuntistur;  the  Subjunctive  in  a  clause  depending  on  an 
Ace.  w.  Inf.  833.  —  regni  amissiOnem  portendi;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending 
on  responderunt,  which  is  the  predicate  to  harioli  consulti. 

31  hoc  responso,  Abl.  of  Means. 

32  ne,  lest,  that  not,  takes  the  Subjunctive  extollgret.  756.  i. 

3.  1  nepoti  animos,  to  the  grandson  his  mind,  i.  e.  the  grandson^s 
mind;  the  Dative  depends  on  extolleret.  —  turn  temporis,  at  that 
time, 

3  somnii  metu  deposito,  having  given  up  the  fear  of  the  dream; 
Abl.  Absol.   837. 

4  sub  avi  oculis,  in  the  sight  of  his  grandfather. 

5  datur  occidendus,  is  delivered  to  be  killed;  the  Gerundive  is 
joined  with  the  verbs  do,  euro,  mitto,  &c.,  to  express  t\\Q  purpose 
or  end  for  which  anything  is  given;  the  Gerundive  agrees  with  the 
object  of  the  active  form,  and  with  the  subject  of  the  passive.  84i. 

6  verltus,  ne  . .  exigeret,  fearing  that  she  would  exact;  after 
vereor,  timeo,  &c.,  ne  must  be  rendered  by  thai.  76i. —  mortiio  rege, 
after  the  king's  death;  Abl.  Absol. 

7  necati  infantis  ultiOnem,  revenge  for  the  murdered  child. 

11  audita  regis  infantis  expositione,  having  heard  of  the  exposing 
of  the  king's  child;  Abl.  Absol.,  to  supply  the  want  of  the  perfect 
act.  participle.  837.  —  summis  precibus,  with  every  entreaty.  Abl. 
of  Means.  605. 

12  ut  sibi  puer  ostenderetur,  that  the  boy  might  be  shown  to  her  = 
to  show  her  the  boy;  the  regular  construction  with  verbs  of  urging 
and  demanding  is  ut  or  ne  with  the  Subjunctive.  758.  —  sibi,  1.  e. 
uxOri;  for  all  references  to  the  subject  of  the  leading  sentence,  the 
Reflexive  sui  must  be  used.  828.  —  cujus  precibus  fatigatus,  wearied 
by  her  entreaties;  the  Relative  for  the  Demonstrative  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  sentence.  556.  —  precibus  is  Causal  Abl.  604. 

13  canem  feminam,  a  she-dog;  with  names  of  animals,  the  sexes 
are  distinguished  by  mas,  male,  and  femina,  female.  47. 


—     57     — 

Page 

M  praebentem  et  defendentem;   the  participles  depend  on  in-  3. 
v5nit,  a  verb  of  perceiving^  to  represent  tlie  object  as  actually 
seen.  835. 

15  motus  misericordia,  moved  by  compassion;  the  moving  cause 
is  often  expressed  by  a  participle  with  the  Ablative,  such  as  motus, 
adductus,  &c. 

16  eadem  cane  anxTe  prosequente,  Abl.  Absol. 

17  quem  ubi;  the  Relative  instead  of  the  Demonstrative;  ubi,  as 
soon  as,  takes  the  Perf.  Indie.  737.  ii. 

18  tantus  ut . . ;  a  clause  of  result  introduced  by  ut,  so  that,  is  used 
after  tarn,  tantus,  &c.  759. 

20  permitteret,  he  might  permit  her,  depends  on  rogaret,  a  verb 
of  asking  or  demanding;  the  regular  construction  is  ut.  758]  but 
when  the  idea  of  wishing,  &c.  is  emphatic,  the  simple  Subjunctive 
without  ut  may  be  employed.  —  permutata  sorte,  Abl.  Absol. 

22  nomen  Space  fuit;  the  name  is  either  in  the  Dative  or  in  the 
Nominative.  594. 

•25  rex  inter  ludentes  sorte  delectus,  having  been  chosen  by  lot 
Mug  among  the  boys  lohen 'playing.  —  per  lasciviam,  from  wanton- 
ness; per  often  denotes  the  manner  in  which  a  thing  is  done.    645. 

27  querella  regi  delata,  a  complaint  being  brought  before  the 
king;  Abl.  Absol.  —  indignantibus  belongs  to  parentibus  and  is  best 
rendered  by  a  relative  sentence:  by  the  parents  who  were  indignant 
at.  —  indignari,  a  verb  of  emotion,  may  be  considered  as  a  verb  of  ■ 
thinking,  and  as  such  takes  an  Acc;  w.  Inf.  8i5.  —  adfectos,  scil.  esse. 
Cyrus  is  the  subject  of  the  subordinate  clause  beginning  with  mox; 
the  principal  clause  begins  witli  ille,  i.  e.,  Astyages. 

28  arcessito  puero  et  interrogate,  Abl.  Absol. 

29  nihil  mutate  vultu,  Abl.  Absol.;  nihil  is  here  an  Adverb,  not  at 
all.  —  fecisse  se  ut  regem,  that  he  had  acted  like  a  king;  Acc.  w.  Inf. 
depending  on  respondisset;  this  verb  is  in  the  Subjunctive  depending 
on  historical  cum. 

33  quoniam  sibi  videretur,  since  he  seemed  to  him;  as  a  rule,  quo- 
niam  takes  the  Indicative;  here  the  Subjunctive  is  used  to  express  the 
opinion  of  Astyages.  —  agitato  inter  pastOres  regno,  having  spent 
Ms  reign  among  the  shepherds. 


—     58     — 

Page 

4.       2  infestus,  takes  the  Dative.  598.  —  in  ultionem  servati  nepOtis,  to 
revenge  himself  for  the  rescue  of  his  grandson. 

3  epulandum  tradldit,  see  Note  on  p.  3.  5. 

4  dissimulato  dolore,  Abl.  Absol.  —  odium  regis,  Objective  Genitive. 
S6€.  2.  —  in  vindictae  occasionem,  to  a  favorable  time  for  his  ven- 
geance. 

6  doIOre  orbitatis,  by  grief  for  his  bereavement. 

7  ut  ablegatus  fuerit,  hoiv  he  had  been  sent  away;  Indirect  Question 
after  scribit,  with  the  verb  in  the  Subjunctive;  ut  is  the  comparative 
particle  which  would  have  required  the  Indicative  if  not  used  in 
indh-ect  question. 

10  hortatur,  cxercTtum  paret,  he  exhorts  him  to  get  ready  an 
army]  the  regular  construction  with  verbs  o^  exhorting  is  ut;  but 
the  simple  Subjunctive  without  ut  may  also  be  employed  when  the 
wish  is  emxjhatic;  see  Note  on  p.  3.  20. 

13  exinterato  lepori  inserltur,  is  put  into  an  eviscerated  hare; 
inserere  being  compounded  with  in  takes  the  Dative.  592.  —  in  Per- 
sas,  to  Persia;  Persae,  the  Persians,  the  people  for  the  territory. 

14  addita,  sc.  sunt. 

16  cadem  adgredi  jussus  est;  Norn.  w.  Inf.  after  jubCre.  822. 

17  praemonitus,  ut.  .adsumeret;  with  verbs  of  warning,  j^z^rj^ose 
is  expressed  by  ut  with  the  Subjunctive.  —  quem  primum  obvlum  ha- 
buisset,  whom  he  should  meet  first;  the  Subjunctive  is  used  to 
express  the  indirect  statement  of  the  dream.  —  quem  is  for  eum 
quem. 

18  adsumeret,  like  verbs  oi  naming,  takes  a  second  Accusative 
denoting  the  character.  578.  —  coeptis,  Dat.  of  Advantage.  587.  — 
ruri,  in  the  country;  rus  is  used  like  a  name  of  a  town.  686. 

20  nomine,  by  the  name,  Abl.  of  Limitation.  6O8.  —  hujus  requislta 
origme,  the  Abl.  Absol.  may  be  rendered:  having  inquired  after  his 
descent.  —  ut,  as  soon  as,  when,  takes  the  Perf  Ind.  737. 11.  —  in 
Persis,  among  the  Persians,  or  in  Persia;  the  people  for  the 
territory. 

21  genitum,  sc.  esse. 

22  Persepolim,  to  Persepolis;  in  answer  to  the  question  whither? 
names  of  towns  are  put  in  the  Ace.  683.  Persepolis  being  a  Greek 
noun  has  im  in  the  Ace.  143.  1.  —  jubet  takes  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.   8i4. 


—     59     — 

Page 

23  silvam  viae  circumdatam,  lit.  a  wood  put  around  the  way  =  a  4. 
wood  surrounding  the  way;  circumdare  has  a  twofold  construc- 
tion.  593. 

24  quod,  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  instead  of  id.  —  appa- 
ratis  epulis  invitat,  he  invites  them  to  a  feast  he  had  prepared  for 
them;  the  Participle  is  here  best  rendered  by  a  relative  clause.  833, 

25  factos,  sc.  esse,  Ace.  w.  Inf.  after  videret. 

26  si  ponatur,  the  Subjunctive  of  the  Present,  because  the  con- 
dition is  represented  as  possible.  788.  ii. — legant,  they  would  choosey 
the  Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Question,   soi. 

27  ut  adclamavgre  omnes,  when  all  cried  out;  the  Perfect  after  ut 
when.  737.  IL  —  adclamavere  for  adclamaverunt.  334. 

28  ait  hesterno  similem  labori  omnem  vitam  acturos  (esse),  he 
says  they  would  spend  a  whole  life  in  work  similar  to  yesterday's; 
similis  governs  the  Dative.  598. 

29  quoad  pareant;  the  Subjunctive  in  a  clause  dependent  upon  an 
Ace.  w.  Inf.  —  se  secutos;  this  Participle  is  equivalent  to  a  conditional 
clause:  if  they  would  follow  him.  Tohodiernis  epulis  we  must 
supply  similem  omnem  vitam,  a  whole  life  in  feasting  such  as  to-day. 

30  laetis  omnibus,  Abl.  Absol;  an  Adjective  may  take  the  place  of 
the  Participle.  836. 

31  meriti  sui  in  Harpago  oblitus,  having  forgotten  his  desert,  i.  e. 
what  he  had  deserved  of  Harpagus;  verbs  of  forgetting  take  the 
Genitive.  568. 

33  perfidia  defectionis,  AW.  of  Means  or  Instrument,   603. 

3  pugnantibus  suis  partem  exercitus  de  tergo  ponit,  to  Jiis  fight-  5- 
ing  men  he  posts  a  part  of  his  army  in  the  rear,  i.  e.  he  posts  a 
part  of  his  army  in  the  rear  of  the  fighting  men;  the  Dative  pug- 
nantibus, depending  on  the  verb  ponit,  is  used  instead  of  the  Genitive 
pugnantium  depending  on  tergo. 

4  ferro  agi  jubet,  Ace.  w.  Inf,  depending  on  jubet.  —  sui,  his  men. 

5  inventuros  (esse),  Aeo.  w.  Inf.,  depending  on  denuntiat. 

6  proinde  videant,  accordingly  they  should  see;  proinde  is  used 
in  exhortations  only;  videant  is  the  Hortatory  Subjunctive.  752.  — 
fugientibus  haec  an  ilia  pugnantibus  acies  rumpenda  sit;  this  is 
an  indirect  disjunctive  question;  the  interrogative  particle  is  omitted 
in  the  first  member,  and,  therefore,  ne  stands  in  the  second.    803. 


—     60     — 
Pago 

5.  The  participles  fugientibus  and  pugnantibus  depend  on  rumpenda 
sit;  they  are  in  the  Dative  to  denote  the  person  by  whom  the  line  is 
to  be  broken  and  may  be  rendered  when  fighting,  when  fleeing. 

7  ingens  pugnandi  animus,  eager  desire  to  fight. 

8  exercitui  accessit,  was  added  to  the  army  =  seized  the  army. 

10  orant  revertantur;  the  Subjunctive  without  ut  is  used  after  verbs 
of  beseeching,  for  the  sake  of  emphasis;  see  Note  on  p.  4.  lo. 

u  quos  fugiebant,  fugSre  conpellunt,  and  compelled  those  to 
flee  from  whom  they  had  fled;  the  pronoun  is  is  often  omitted, 
especially  when  it  would  stand  in  the  same  case  as  the  Relative.  6S3 

12  cui  Cyrus  abstulit;  the  verb  auferre,  to  take  away^  takes  the 
indirect  object  in  the  Dative,  to  be  translated /rom.  588. 

13  nepOtem  agere,  to  act  as  his  grandson. 

u  genti  praeposuit,  he  set  him  over  the  nation;  praeponSre, 
being  compounded  with  prae,  governs  the  Dative.  692. 

15  in  Medos,  to  the  Medes  =  to  Media;  the  people  for  the  ter- 
ritory. 

16  annis  CCCL;  duration  of  time  is  commonly  expressed  by  the 
Accusative,  but  occasionally,  as  here,  by  the  Ablative. 

8.    The  Athenians.    Battle  of  Marathon. 

19  quem  biformem  tradidere,  whom  they  represented  as  being 
two-shaped;  tradfire  like  a  verb  of  naming  takes  two  Accusatives.  578- 
—  ut  omnis  antiquitas  fabulosa  est;  ut  is  here  comparative,  as;  else 
it  would  have  required  the  Subjunctive. 

24  superfu6runt,  some  survived.  —  quos  refugia  montium  rece- 
pSrunt,  whom  the  refuges  of  the  mountains  took  in  =  who  took 
refuge  in  the  mountains. 

25  aut.  .evecti  sunt,  supply  qui?  after  aut— ratibus,  Abl.  of  Manner, 
like  navibus,  &c.  6i4. 

26  a  quo  genus  hominum  conditum  (esse)  dicitur;  Nom.  w.  Inf.  S2i. 

28  Eleusine,  Abl.  of  Eleusin,  at  Eleusis;  in  answer  to  the  question 
wher^?  683. 

29  in  cujus  muneris  honorem,  and  in  honor  of  this  gift.  —  noctes 
initiorum,  the  nights  of  the  mysteries.  —  sacratae,  sc.  sunt. 

6.  2  vindicaturi  bello,  being  about  to  take  revenge  in  war. 


—     61     — 

Pap« 

3  responsum  (sc.  eat)  superiOres  fore;  an  answer  was  given  that  6. 
they  would  have  the  advantage.  —  ni  occidissent,  if  they  had  not 
killed;  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  occidissent  after  the  Historical 
Perfect  responsum  est  in  the  principal  sentence. 

4  cum  ventum  esset,  when  they  had  come;  Impersonal  Passive.  423. 

6  et  responso  dei  et  praeceptis  hostiura  cognitis,  Abl.  Absol.  to 
supply  the  want  of  the  perfect  active  participle :  having  learned  both 
tlie  answer  of  the  god  and  the  orders  of  the  enemy. 

8  sarmenta  collo  gcrens,  carrying  fagots  on  his  shoulders;  the 
Participle  is  in  apposition  to  Codrus;  collo  is  Instrumental  Abl.  605. 

9  falce,  with  his  sickle,  Abl.  of  Means.  605.  —  astu,  Abl.  of  Manner, 
craftily,  cunningly. 

10  cognito  regis  corpore,  Abl.  Absol.  to  supply  the  want  of  the  per- 
fect active  participle,  having  recognized  the  king's  body. 

11  ducis  se  offerentis,  of  their  leader  who  offered  himself;  the 
participle  is  here  best  rendered  by  a  relative  sentence.  833. 

12  bello  liberantur,  are  delivered  from  war;  verbs  signifying  to 
set  free,  take  the  Ablative.  620.  Observe  the  liveliness  of  the  multi- 
plied historical  Presents. 

15  permissa,  sc.  est. 

17  vir  justitiae  insignis,  a  man  of  distinguished  uprightness , 
Genitive  of  Quality.  566. 5.  —  qui  velut  novam  ci  vitatem  legibus  conderet, 
ivho  should  found  the  .state  anew,  as  it  were,  by  the  establishment  of 
laws;  conderet  is  here  in  the  Subjunctive,  because  it  denotes  a 
purpose,  the  relative  clause  being  equivalent  in  fact  to  a  clause 

with  Ut.    792. 

18  qui  =  et  is,  and  he. — tanto  temperamento,  luiih  so  great  mod- 
eration; Abl.  of  Manner.  6i3. 

19  cum  si  quid  pro  altero  ordine  tulisset,  altcri  displiciturum  vi- 
deretur,  since  if  he  had  proposed  anything  in  favor  of  one  order, 
this  would  seem  to  displease  the  other;  the  condition  is  represented 
as  contrary  to  fact;  accordingly  the  Subjunctive  of  the  Imperfect  or 
Pluperfect  is  used.  788-,  after  si,  nisi,  &c.  the  prefix  all-  in  aliquis  is 
dropped.  762. 

20  ut. .  .traheret,  that  he  drew;  clause  of  result  after  tanto  tem- 
peramento.   759. 

21  inter  multa  egregia,  among  many  noble  deeds;  egreglum,  the 
adjective  used  as  noun.  —  illud,  ilie  following. 


—     62     — 

Page 

6.  23  armis  dimicatum  fuerat,  fighting  had  been  going  on;  the  pas- 
sive used  impersonally. 

24  capitale  esse  coepit,  it  began  to  be  a  capital  crime  =  it  was 
pronounced  a  capital  crime.  —  si  quis  legem  de  vindicanda  insula 
tulisset,  if  anybody  should  make  a  motion  to  claim  the  island;  quis 
for  aliquis.   "762. 

25  legem  ferre,  to  introduce  a  billy  to  make  a  motion.  —  de  vindi- 
canda msilla,  on  the  claiming  of  the  island  =  to  claim  the  island; 
de  is  one  of  the  few  prepositions  commonly  used  with  the  Gerund 
or  Gerundive.  —  tulisset;  the  pluperfect  subjunctive  is  used  after  the 
historical  perfect  coepit  in  the  leading  clause.  74.3.  iii.  —  sollicitus, 
anxious,  is  construed  like  a  verb  o{ fearing;  accordingly  ne  must  be 
rendered  by  that.   7G1. 

26  tacendo. .  .censendo,  by  being  silent,  by  speaking  his  mind; 
the  Ablative  of  the  Gerund  used  as  AM.  of  Means.    S46. 

27  cujus  venia,  on  which  pretext.  —  non  dicturus  modo,  sed  et 
facturus  erat,  he  intended  not  only  to  say  but  also  to  do;  the 
active  periphrastic  conjugation  denotes  intention.    74i. 

28  prohibita,  forbidden  things.  —  deformis  habitu,  disfigured  by 
his  dress. 

29  more  vaecordium,  after  the  manner  of  madmen. 

30  quo  magis  consilium  dissiraularet;  quo  is  usual  final  con- 
junction with  comparatives.  763.  —  insolitis  sibi  versibus,  in  verses 
to  which  he  was  not  accustomed. 

32  ut  bellum  decerneretur;  the  subjunctive  clause  denoting  the 
result.   750. 

33  devictis  hostibus,  the  enemy  being  defeated.  —  Athenienslum 
fieret,  came  under  the  dominion  of  the  Athenians.  57i. 

7.  1  memores  inlati  Atheniensibus  belh,  mindful  of  the  ivar  they' 
had  made  on  the  Athenians;  memor  takes  the  Genitive.  567.  i. 
Atheniensibus  depends  on  inlati. 

2  veriti;  the  perfect  participle  is  often  used  where  we  should 
employ  the  present;  ne,  that,  after  verbs  of^ fearing.  76i. 

3  oppressuri,  intending  to  surprise.   74i. 

4  qua  re  cognita,  may  be  translated  by  the  perfect  active  par- 
ticiple with  Pisistratus  as  subject:  Pisistratus  having  learned  this 
circumstance.  837. 


—     63     — 

Page 

5  in  insidiis  locat;  verbs  of  placing  take  in  with  the  Abl.  689.  —  7. 
jussis  matronis.  .sacra  celebrare,  the  ladies  having  been  ordered  to 
celebrate  the  mysteries;  after  jub6o  the  Infinitive  can  be  used  without 

a  subject — sollto  clamore  ac  strepitu,  witJi  the  usual  clamor  and 
noise;  Abl.  of  Manner.    6i3. 

6  ne  intellectos  se  sentiant,  that  they  should  not  become  aware 
of  their  being  observed;  ne  with  the  Subjunctive  to  denote  the  pur- 
pose. 756.  I.  —  intellectos  se  (esse)  is  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  sen- 
tiant. 

7  egressosque  navibus  Megarenses,  and  the  Megarenses  when 
they  had  landed. 

8  classe  captlva,  Abl.  of  Means.  605.  —  intermixtis  mulieribus, 
women  being  among  them. 

9  ut,  with  the  Subjunctive,  to  denote  the  purpose.  756.  i.  —  Mo- 
gara  contendit,  he  Tnade  for  Megara;  in  answer  to  the  question 
whither?  names  of  towns  are  in  the  Accusative.   683. 

10  illi,  the  latter  =  the  Megarenses.  —  petitam  praedam,  the  ex- 
pected booty. 

11  quibus  caesis,  Abl.  Absol. 

12  paulum  a  capienda  urbe  aftiit,  he  was  not  far  from  taking  the 
city.  —  suis  dolis,  Abl.  of  Means.   605. 

14  quasi,  .vicisset;  quasi  takes  tlie  Subjunctive.   772. 

15  per  dolum,  deceitfully;  per  denoting  the  manner.  645.  — 
voluntariis  verberibus  adfectus;  having  been  affected  with  voluntary 
flogging;  I  e.  having  flogged  himself;  the  verb  adficere  is  often  to 
be  translated  by  a  verb  corresponding  to  its  Ablative;  verberibus 
adficere,  to  flog;  verberibus  voluntariis  adfiei,  to  flog  one's  self 

16  lacerate  corpore,  Abl.  Absol. 

18  e  quibus  haec  se  passum  (esse)  simulat,  from  whom  he  pre- 
tends, to  have  suffered  this. 

19  vocibus,  remarks.  —  invidiosa  oratione,  Abl.  of  Means.   605. 

20  amore  plebis,  in  consequence  of  the  people' s  affection  for  him 

21  per  quos  occupata  tyrannide,  having  obtained  absolute 
power  through  them. 

22  per  annos  XXXIII;  the  preposition  per  is  used  to  denote /rom 
beginning  to  end.   674. 

24  alter  ex  fillis,  one  of  his  two  sons;  e,  ex  is  more  common  than 
the  Partitive  Genitive  after  numerals  and  the  like.   660. 


—     64     — 

Page 

7.  24  Hippias  nomine,  hy  the  name  of  Rippias,  Abl.  of  Limitation.  oo8. 
25  qui  =  et  is. 

27  quibus  interfectis,  and  these  having  been  killed;  Abl.  Absol.  — 
quaerenti  tyranno. .  .ait,  to  the  tyrant  when  asking. .  .he  said.  —  an 
adhuc  aliqui  conscii  essent,  whether-  there  were  any  more  accom- 
plices; the  Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Question,    soi. 

28  neminem  superesse,  quern  amplius  mori  gestiat,  that  no  one 
else  was  left  whom  he  wished  to  die;  gestiat  is  in  the  Subjunctive, 
being  dependent  upon  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.    s^g. 

31  libertatis,  the  Genitive  after  a  verb  of  reminding.  568.  —  regno 
pulsus,  driven  fro  m  the  state;  Abl.  after  a  verb  of  removing.  620. 

32  in  Persas;  the  people  for  the  territory.  —  DarCo  inferenti 
AtheniensTbus  belhim,  to  Bareus  w/ien  making  war  on  the  Athen- 
ians; clauses  introduced  by  particles  of  time  (as,  when^  since,  &g.) 
may  be  expressed  in  Latin  by  a  participle  without  such  par- 
ticle.   833. 

33  adversus  patriara  belongs  to  ducem. 

8.  1  auxilTum  a  LacedaeraonTis  petiverunt,  they  entreated  aid  from 
the  Lacedaemonians;  we  always  say:  petere  aliquid  ab  allquo,  sso, 

2  quos  ubi  viderunt,  and  when  they  saw  that  they;  in  historical 
narrative  ubi,  simidac  &c.,  take  the  Historical  Perfect  Indicative.  737.  11. 

3  non  expectato,  without  loaiiing;  especially  to  be  noted  is  the 
Ablative  of  a  participle  without  a  Substantive;  the  participle  with 
non  is  often  best  rendered  by  without.  834.  —  instructis  decern  mi- 
libus,  having  drawn  up  ten  thousand  in  battle  array. 

G  auctor  non  exspectandi  auxilii,  the  source  of  unexpected  as- 
sistance. 

7  ut. .  .duceret,  that  he  deemed;  clause  of  result  after  tanta 
fiducia.  7.5».  —  plus  praesidii,  more  protection;  Partitive  Gen,  after 
plus.   566.  5. 

8  magna  in  pugnam  euntibus  animorum  alacritas  fuit,  when  going 
to  battle  they  were  in  high  spirits,  lit.  to  those  going  into  battle  were 
high  spirits;  the  Dative  with  esse,  to  denote  possession.   594. 

9  adeo  ut,  to  such  a  degree  that,  introducing  a  clause  of  result 
with  the  Subjunctive. 

10  citato  cursu,  at  full  speed. 

12  tanta  virtute,  Abl.  of  Manner.  613.  —  ut..putares,  thai  you 
should  suppose. 


—     65      - 

Pag( 

15  ut  viderStur,  is  a  clause  of  result;  cujus  lans  prima  esset,   an  8. 
indirect  question  depending  on  difficile  judicium. 

20  post  proelii  innumeras  caedes,  having  slain  enemies  without 
number  in  battle,  lit.  after  number-less  slaughters  of  the  battle. 

22  dextra  manu,  with  his  right  hand;  Instrumental  Abl.  oo5.  — 
priusquam  amittfiret;  priusquam  lias,  in  narrative,  the  same  con- 
struction as  historical  cum.   779. 

24  morsu,  with  the  teeth;  Instmmental  Abl.   605. 

25  tantam  in  eo  virtutem  fuisse,  supply  dicunt.  —  tot  caedibus 
fatigatus,  wearied  with  such  a  carnage, 

26  non  duabus  manibus  amissis  victus,  not  overcome  by  the  loss  of 
both  his  hands. 

38  seu  proelio  sive  naufragio,  either  in  battle  or  by  shipwreck. 

29  dis  patriae  ultoribus  poenas  repetentibus ;  the  Ablative  Abso- 
lute, expressing  the  cause:  because  the  gods,  the  aveiigers  of  the 
country,  demanded  satisfaction. 

Jf.    Xerxes.    Third  invasion  of  Greece. 

3  relictis  multis  filiis,  having  left  behind  many  sons.  9. 

4  susceptis,  who  were  born;  suscipere  means  to  take  up  a  neiv- 
born  child;  hence  in  the  Pass,  to  be  born.  —  maximus  natu,  the 
oldest;  natu,  Abl.  of  Limitation.  608.  —  aetatis  privilegio,  by  the 
privilege  of  age;  Causal  Abl.   604. 

5  quod  jus,  a  right  which,  is  in  the  Accusative  governed  by  dedit; 
ordo  nascendi  and  nattira  are  taken  conjointly  as  a  single  idea  and 
have  the  singular  verb  dedit.  542.  —  non  de  ordine  sed  de  nascendi 
felicitate,  not  from  priority,  but  from  the  lucky  circumstance 
of  birth. 

7  The  whole  passage  from  nam  AriaemSnem  down  to  avTto  vin- 
cere  (line  18)  is  in  the  oratio  obllqua,  depending  on  referebat  wliich 
implies  dicens.  It  will  be  useful  to  the  pupil  to  become  accustomed 
to  arrange  the  sentences  in  the  form  which  they  would  have  in  the 
oratio  recta  or  direct  narrative;  here  it  is  as  follows:  "nam  Ariae- 
menes  primus  quidem  Dareo,  sed  private  provenit:  ego  regi  primus 
natus.  Itaque  fratres  mei,  qui  ante  geiiiti  sunt,  privatum  patrimo- 
ntum,  quod  eo  tempore  Dareus  habiiit,  non  regnum,  sibi  vindicare 
possunt,  ego  sum  quern  primum  in  regno  jam  rex  pater  sustulit. 
Hue  aceedit,  quod  Ariaemenes  non  patre  tantum  sed  et  matre  pri- 
vatae  adhuc  fortunae,  avo  quoque  materno  private  procreatus  estj 


—     66     — 

e 

ego  vero  et  matre  regina  natus  et  patrem  nonnisi  regem  vidi;  avum 
quoque  maternum  Cyrum  ego  regem  habiii,  non  heredem,  sed  con- 
ditOrem  tanti  regni;  et  si  in  aequo  jure  utrumque  fratrem  reliquerit, 
materno  tamen  ego  jure  et  avito  vinco."  The  English  word  to 
introduce  the  indirect  discourse  is  that;  sometimes  it  is  well  to  omit 
that  in  translation  and  lo  change  the  form  to  direct  discourse,  in- 
serting the  verb  of  saying  by  way  of  parenthesis. 

8  private,  when  a  piHvate  citizen.  —  provenisse  and 

9  natum  (esse),  Ace.  w.  Inf.  of  the  Indirect  Discourse.  When  a  speech 
is  transferred  to  the  oratio  obliqua  the  following  changes  of  mood 
take  place: 

I.  The  Indicative  in  direct  statements  is  changed  into  the  Infini- 
tive, becoming  dependent  on  some  such  form  as  dixit,  he  said,  ex- 
pressed or  imphed,  and  the  Nominative  will  then  be  changed  to  an 
Accusative; 

II.  The  Indicative  in  dependent  relative  sentences  is  changed 
into  the  Subjunctive; 

III.  The  Indicative  in  questions  becomes  the  Subjunctive,  being 
dependent  on  rogavit,  expressed  or  implied; 

IV.  The  Imperative  becomes  the  Subjunctive; 

Y.  Verbs  used  by  the  speaker  in  the  Subjunctive  remain  in  the 
same  mood. 

9  geniti  essent,  Subjunctive  according  to  Rule  II. 

10  habuisset,  Subjunctive  according  to  Rule  II. 

11  vindicare  posse,  Infinitive  according  to  Rule  I.  —  se  esse,  Ace. 
w.  Inf.  according  to  Rule  I. 

12  quem  sustulSrit,  Subjunctive  according  to  Rule  II.  —  tollere  has 
the  same  meaning  as  suscipere,  above,  to  take  up  a  child,  to  bring 
up.  —  accedere.  Infinitive  according  to  Rule  I. 

13  non  patre  tantum  &c. ;  the  Ablatives  patre,  matre,  avo,  are 
governed  by  procreatus  sit,  a  verb  expressing  origin.  go4. 

15  patrem  nonnisi  regem  vidisse;  regem,  as  a  king,  is  in  apposition 
to  patrem. 

17  si..reliquisset;  the  condition  is  represented  as  contrary  to 
fact,  hence  the  Pluperfect  Subj.,  both  in  direct  and  indirect  discourse. 

•788.  III. 

18  materno  tamen  se  jure  et  avito  vincere,  that  he  hy  his  mother's 
and  grandfather's  right  should  gain  the  cause;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  according 
to  Rule  L 


—     G7     — 

Page 

19  concordi  anlmo,  of  one  mind,  unanimously.  9, 

21  cognita  causa,  having  investigated  the  case.  —  adeOqae  fra- 
terna  contentio  fuit,  ut.  .insultaret.  .doleret.  .mitt6rent,  &c.;  Sub- 
junctives of  Consequence  after  adeo  ut.    759. 

22  victor,  .victus,  the  winner.. the  loser. 

25  tanto  moderatius,  so  much  more  moderately;  the  Ablative  tanto 
is  used  to  denote  the  degree  of  difference.   612. 

28  quinquennium,  for  5  years;  time  how  long  is  in  the  Aoc.  674 

29  quod;  the  Relative  for  the  Demonstrative.  656.  —  ubi  primum 
as  soon  as,  takes  the  Perfect  Ind.    737.  11. 

30  apud  Xerxen,  at  the  court  of  Xerxes;  apud  designates  nearness 
in  respect  of  persons.  630.  —  amicior  patriae;  the  Dative  governed 
by  amicus.  598. 

33  cera  delita,  with  wax  which  he  had  smeared  over  it;  Abl.  of 
Means.  605;  the  participle  rendered  by  a  relative  clause.  833. — ne,  in- 
troducing a  clause  of  purpose.  756.  The  ancients  wrote  with  a  style 
on  waxen  tablets;  the  writing  on  wax  was  rubbed  out  with  the  broad 
end  of  the  style.  To  avoid  discovery  Demaratus  wrote  on  wooden 
tablets  and  then  smeared  them  over  with  wax,  so  that  it  might  seem 
they  had  not  been  used  at  all. 

1  recens  cera,  the  freshly-written  tablet.  .^ 

2  perferendas  tradit;  the  Gerundive  is  joined  with  the  verb  tradgre 
to  express  the  purpose.  84i. — jusso  refers  to  servo,  and  may  be 
translated  by  a  relative  sentence,  who  had  been  ordered. 

3  quibus  perlatis;  the  Abl.  Absol.  may  be  translated  by  a  clause 
with  when.  —  Lacedaemone,  at  Lacedaemon.  —  quaestiOni  res  diu 
fuit,  the  affair  was  doubtful  for  a  long  time;  the  Dativo  of  the  object 
for  which  is  used  after  esse.  595. 

4  quod  neque  scriptum  aliquid  vidSrent  nee  frustra  missas  suspi- 
carentur,  because  on  the  one  hand  they  did  not  see  anything 
loritten,  and  on  the  other  they  supposed  that  they  were  not  sent  to 
no  purpose;  quod  usually  takes  the  Indicative;  but  the  Subjunctives 
viderent  and  suspicarentur  are  used  to  express  the  thought  and 
belief  of  the  Lacedaemonians.  "782.  —  nee  is  to  be  resolved  into  et 
non,  and  the  negative  belongs  to  frustra;  in  this  way  arises  the  cor- 
responsive  conjunction  neque.  .et,  on  the  one  hand  not... and  on 
the  other.  857.  —  missas,  sc.  esse.  Ace.  w.  Inf.  after  suspicarentur. 

5  tantoque  rem  majorem,  quanto  esset  occultior,  putabant,  and 


—     68     — 

Pagft 

10.  they  considered  the  afialr  to  he  the  more  important,  the  more 
mysterious  it  was;  the  words  quaiito.  .tanto,  signifying  hy  how 
much,  .by  so  much^  are  usually  to  be  translated  by  the  emphatic  the; 
esset  is  in  the  Subjunctive  depending  on  the  Aoc.  w.  Inf.  tanto  rem 
majorem  esse.  826. 

6  haerentlbus  in  conjectura  viris,  while  the  men  were  hesitating 
in  the  conjecture;  Abl.  Absol. 

7  erasa  cera,  having  erased  the  tablet;  Abl.  Absol.  837. 

10  utproditum  sit,  that  there  is  a  tradition;  Subjunctive  of  result; 
in  clauses  of  result  the  verb  of  the  dependent  clause  has  the  same 
tense  as  it  would  have  if  the  clause  were  a  principal  one.   74S. 

11  siccata,  sc.  esse,  Aco.  w.  Inf. 

13  nuraero,  in  answer  to  the  question,  in  respect  of  what?  Abl.  of 
Limitation.   008. 

14  si  regem  spectes,  laudes;  the  condition  is  represented  2iS  pos- 
sible or  likely  to  be  realized.    788.  ii. 

15  cum,  though;  Concessive  Conjunction  with  the  Subjunctive.  767. 

16  opes  tamen  reglae  superessent,  the  king^s  riches,  however, 
were  more  than  sufficient. 

18  timldus,  supply  erat.  —  sicubi  metus  abesset,  wherever  there 
was  no  cause  of  fear;  the  Subjunctive  is  used  to  express  the  thought 
of  Xerxes. 

19  fiducTa  virium,  from  confidence  in  his  power;  Causal  Abl.    604. 

20  convexa  valllum,  the  hollows  between  hills. 

21  quaedam  maria  pontibus  sternebat,  some  seas  he  made  pas- 
sable by  bridges.  —  ad  navigatiOnis  commodum,  for  the  promotion 
of  navigation. 

23  cujus;  the  Relative  for  the  Demonstrative;  begin  with  quam  ter- 
ribihs,  as  terrible  as..;  quam.  .tam,  as.  .so. 

26  contemptu  paucitatis,  from  contempt  of  their  small  number; 
Causal  Abl.   604. 

27  Marathonia  pugna,  in  the  battle  of  Marathon;  in  is  omitted 
with  an  Adjective.    673. 

28  qui  =  et  hi.  —  suos,  their  relatives.  —  succedente  inutlli 
turba,  when  a  useless  crowd  followed;  Abl.  Absol. 


—    69    — 

Pag© 

29  triduo;  duration  of  time  is  commonly  expressed  by  the  Accusa-  lo. 
live,  but  occasionally,  as  here,  by  the  Ablative.  —  cum  dolore  et 
indignatione  Persarum,  with  -—  to  the  grief  and  indignation  of  the 
Persians. 

30  dimicatum,  sc.  est,  Impersonal  Pass.  423.  triduo  dimicatum  est, 
the  fight  lasted  three  days.  —  quarta  die;  this  is  the  proper  usage  of 
the  Ablative  in  relations  of  time  to  express  when  an  action  is  done 
or  completed.    672. 

.  31  summum  cacumen,  the  top  of  the  mountain. 

32  hortatur,  rec6dant  et  se  reservent,  7ie  exhorts  them  to  retire 
and  save  themselves;  the  regular  construction  with  verbs  of  ex- 
horting would  be  ut;  but  the  simple  Subjunctive  may  also  be  employed 
(see  Note  on  3.  20;  4.  10.). 

33  sibi  cum  Spartanis.  .servandos;  this  sentence  is  in  the 
oratio  obllqua,  depending  on  hortatur,  which  implies  dicens. 

1  experiendam  (esse) ;  the  Passive  Periphrastic  conjugation  ex- 11. 
presses  necessity;  the  person  by  whom  is  in  the  Dative.  741. 

2  servandos,  sc.  esse. 

3  audito  regis  imperio,  having  heard  the  order  of  the  king. 

i  sciscitantlbus  Delphis  oracula  responsum  fugrat,  to  them  when 
inquiring  for  oracles  at  Delphi  the  answer  had  been  given. 

5  aut  regi  aut  urbi  cadendum,  sc.  esse,  that  either  the  king  or  the 
city  ought  to  fall.  741. 

7  parato  ad  moriendum  ammo,  with  a  mind  ready  to  die;  para- 
tus,  ready ^  takes  ad  with  the  Gerund    844. 

10  dimissis  sociis,  may  be  translated  by  the  perfect  active  par- 
ticiple with  Lycurgus  as  subject,  Lycurgus  having  dismissed  his 
allies.  —  hortatur,  takes  the  Hortatory  Subjunctive  (memingrint,  ca- 
verent),  as  above. 

11  qualitercunque  proeliatis  cadendum  esse,  that  in  whatever 
way  they  might  fight  they  had  to  die;  caverent,  ne  fortius  mansisse 
quam  dimicasse  viderentur,  they  should  take  care  lest  it  might  seem 
they  had  shown  greater  courage  in  remaining  than  infighting. 

12  nee  exspectandum  (esse) ;  this  sentence  is  in  the  oratio  obllqua, 
depending  on  hortatur,  which  implies  dicens,  they  ought  not  to  wait 
(he  says). 

13  dum  nox  occasiOnem  daret,  while  the  night  offered  an  op- 
po7't  unity. 


~     10     — 

Page 

11.  u  securis  et  laetis  superveniendum  (esse),  they  ought  to  fall 
suddenly  ujjon  the  careless  and  exulting  enemy. 

15  perituros,  sc.  esse,  would  die. 

16  nihil  erat  diflQcile  persuadgre  persuasis  mori,  it  was  not  at  all 
difficult  to  persuade  those  who  had  persuaded  themselves  to  die, 
i.  e.,  were  resolved  to  die;  persuadere  governs  tlie  Dative.   S89. 

19  si  ipsi  oppress!  essent,  if  they  should  have  been  oppressed 
themselves.  —  morituri,  ready  to  die.   74i. 

20  totis  castris;  with  nouns  qualified  by  totus,  the  Ablative  with- 
out a  preposition  is  used  to  denote  the  place  where?  687. —  postquam 
invenlunt;  postquam  here  takes  the  Historical  Present. 

22  ut  qui  sciunt,  like  men  who  know.  —  spo  victoriae,  with  the 
hope  of  victory. 

23  in  mortis  ultionem,  to  take  vengeance  for  their  death. 

24  tractum,  sc.  est.  —  vincendo  fatigati,  wearied  of  conquering. 

20  duobus  vulneribus  acceptis,  having  received  two  wounds. —  ter- 
restri  proelio,  in  the  battle  by  land;  Abl.  of  Time.    675. 

29  bellum  Persarum,  the  war  with  the  Persians;  Objective  Genitive. 
S66.  2,  —  in  auxilium  regis  classe  venisse,  had  come  with  a  fleet  to 
the  king's  assistance;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  animadvertisset. 

30  sollicitare  in  partes  suas,  to  draw  over  to  his  side. 

31  colloquendi  copTam,  opportunity  of  a  conference;  the  Gerund  is 
frequently  used  with  substantives  as  a  complement.  843. —  symbolos 
proponi  et  saxis  proscribi  curat,  he  had  a  proclamation  issued  and 
written  upon  the  rocks;  curare  talces  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.  —  symboli, 
symbols,  significant  letters}  a  proclamation  is  meant. 

12.  2  quid  si  non  haec  Dareo  prius  et  nunc  Xerxi  belli  causa  nobiscum 
foret,  quod  vos  rebellantes  non  destituimus?  What  cause  of  ivar 
would  there  have  been  formerly  with  Dareus  and  now  with  Xerxes, 
if  not  the  fact  that  we  did  not  forsake  you  when  revolting? 

4  quiu,  why  not? 

6  commisso  proelio,  the  battle  having  begun.  —  inhibere  remis, 
to  rovj  a  ship  backwards. 

9  ad  templum  ApollTnis  diripiendum,  to  destroy  the  temple  of 
Apollo;  ad  with  Gerund  or  Gerundive  denotes  purpose.  845. 

10  quasi,  as  i/,  takes  the  Subjunctive.    772. 

11  imbribus  et  fulminibus,  Abl.  of  Means.  €os. 


—   n   — 

Page 

12  ut  intelleggret;  ut  with  the  Subjunctive  to  express  the  purpose.  12. 
756. 1.  —  quam  nullae  essent,  how  insignificant  are;  the  Subjunctive 
in  Indirect  Question,  soi. 

u  vacLias  hominibus,  empty  of  men,  i.  e.  deserted. 

16  praemonente  Themistocle,  Themistocles  forewarning  them  = 
forewarned  by  Themistocles. 

18  adventante  Xerxe,  upon  the  arrival  of  Xerxes. 

19  consulentibus  Delphis  oraculum  responsum  fuerat,  to  them 
consulting  the  oracle  at  Delphi  the  answer  had  been  given  (see 
Note  on  U.  l). — salutem  muris  ligneis  tuerentur,  they  should  secure 
their  safety  behind  wooden  walls. 

20  demonstratum,  sc.  esse. 

22  non  in  aedificiis,  sed  in  civibus  positam,  sc.  esse,  consisted  not 
in  its  buildings  J  but  in  its  citizens. 

23  commissuros,  sc.  esse.  —  All  these  Ace.  w.  Inf.  constructions 
depend  on  persuadet. 

25  probate  consilio,  having  approved  the  plan. 

26  abditis  insulis  demandant,  they  send  them  to  sequestered 
islands  for  safety.  —  relicta  urbe,  having  left  the  city. 

28  imitatae,  sc.  sunt. 

29  ne  circumveniri  posset,  Subjunctive  of  purpose.   7S6.  i. 

31  deserto  bello,  may  be  rendered  by  the  perfect  active  participle 
with  qui  as  subject,  these  having  given  up  war. —  ad  sua  tuenda,  to 
protect  their  own  property;  ad,  with  the  Gerundive,  expressing 

pU7'pOSe.     845. 

32  timens  ne,  fearing  that;  after  timeo,  ne  must  be  rendered  by 
that.  761. 

33  per  servum  fidum,  by  means  of  a  faithful  slave;  the  person  con- 
sidered as  means  or  instrument  is  expressed  by  per  with  the  Ace.  — 
uno  in  loco  contractam  Graeciam,  Greece  concentrated  at  one  p)lace. 

1  quod  si;  in  order  to  indicate  the  connection  with  a  preceding  13. 
proposition  the  relative  pronoun  quod  (which,  however,  loses  its 
signification  as  a  pronoun)   is    frequently  put  before  si,  so  that 
quodsi  maybe  regarded  as  one  word. 

2  vellent,  dissiparentur.  Subjunctives  in  indirect  discourse. 

3  ei  singidas  consectandas  esse,  he  had  to  pursue  them  singly; 
Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  nuntiat.  —  hoc  dolo,  Abl.  of  Means,  eos. 


—     12    — 

Page 

13.  i  adventu  hostium  occupati,  surprised  by  the  approach  of  the 
enemy. 

5  collatis  viribus;  the  Ablative  Absol.  may  be  translated  with 
united  forces. 

9  ut . .  ita  cernSres ;  transpose :  ita  ut  cerneres,  so  that  you  could  see, 

10  juxta  praeceptum  Themistoclis,  according  to  the  order  of 
Themistocles. 

13  circumspicientes  fugara,  looking  out  for  flight. 

15  mersae,  sc.  sunt. 

17  dubliim  consilii,  wavering  in  resolution. 

18  ne  quid  seditionis;  seditiOnis  governed  by  quid  which  after  ne 
is  used  instead  of  allquid;  tlie  Partitive  Genitive  is  often  found  after  the 
neuters  of  adjectives  and  pronouns,  see.  6. 

19  fama  adversi  belli  et  in  raajus  omnia,  siciiti  mos  est,  extoUens, 
the  rumor  of  the  defeat  exaggerating  every  thing,  as  is  customary; 
this  is  the  Subject  of  the  final  sentence  introduced  by  ne. 

20  sibi  relinquat,  Hortatory  Subjunctive  depending  on  hortatur. 

21  aut  perdomiturum  se  Graeciam  aut  cessurum  (esse);  this  Aco. 
w.  Inf.  is  in  oratio  obliqua,  and  depends  upon  a  verb  of  saying  im- 
plied in  hortatur. 

23  probato  consilio,  the  plan  being  approved. 

25  audita  regis  fuga,  having  heard  of  the.  flight  of  the  king. 

27  interclusus  reditu,  cut  off  from  his  retreat;  intercludgre,  being 
a  verb  of  separation^  takes  the  Ablative.  620.  —  desperatiOne  rerum, 
by  the  hopelessness  of  the  undertaking. 

29  timens  ne,  fearing  that.  lei.  —  interclusi  hostes,  the  enemy 
when  cut  off;  the  Participle  represents  a  condition.  833. 

30  quod  aliter  non  pateret,  which  otherwise  could  not  be  open; 
quod  =  cum  id;  with  the  Subjunct.   792.  ii. 

32  retinendo,  by  keeping  them  back,  Abl.  of  Gerund  as  Abl.  of 
Means.  846. 

33  cum  vincere  consilio  ceteros  non  posset,  as  he  could  not  win 
over  the  rest  by  his  opinion. 

14.  1  certiorem  consilii  facit,  he  informs  him  of  the  plan.  — matu- 
rata  fuga,  by  accelerating  his  flight 


—     73    — 

Page 

2  perculsus  niintio,  panic-stricken  by  the  news,  —  trad  it  milTtes  14. 
perducendos;  the  Gerundive  is  joined  with  the  verb  tradere,  to  ex- 
press the  purpose  for  which  anything  is  delivered.   84i. 

i  soliitura  pontem  hibernis  tempestatibus,  the  bridge  destroyed 
by  winter  storms.  —  oflfendisset,  had  hit  upon. 

5  res  spectaculo  digna  et  aestimatione,  an  event  worth  seeing 
and  estimating;  dignus,  worth,  talves  the  Abl.  635. 

6  rerum  varietate  miranda,  by  the  wonderful  fickleness  of  human 
affairs;  the  Ablative  depends  on  aestimatione. 

7  vix  capiebat,  was  hardly  able  to  hold  him. 

8  carentem  omni  etiam  servorum  ministerio,  wanting  all  service 
of  slaves,  i.  e.,  without  even  a  slave  to  wait  upon  him. 

9  terris  graves,  oppressive  to  the  countries;  Dative  of  Advantage 
or  Disadvantage.  387. 

10  felicius  iter  fuit,  Jiad  a  luckier  march;  esse  with  the  Dative 
denotes  possession.  694. 

u  neque  enim,  for. 

12  multorum  digram  inopia,  want  of  necessaries  for  many  days. 

13  ut  viae  cadaveribus  implerentur,  Subjunctive  of  result  after 
tantus.  759.  —  cadaveribus,  Abl.  after  a  verb  of  filling.    622. 

14  escae  inlecebris  soUicitatae,  refers  to  alites  et  bestiae,  allured 
by  the  bait  of  food. 

18  etiam  in  majus  restitutionem,  rebuilding  even  on  a  larger 
scale. 

19  nuUo  pretTo,  at  no  price;  Abl.  of  Price  after  venalis.  6i7.  — 
videt,  Historical  Present  after  postquam. 

20  incensis  (supply  lis)  quae  aedificare  coeperant,  having  set  on 
fire  what  they  had  begun  to  build. 

22  comraissum,  sc.  est. 

24  referta  regalis  opulentiae,  filled  to  overflowing  with  kingly 
wealth;  as  a  rule,  refertus  takes  the  Genitive.  567.  i. ;  but  it  also  takes 
the  Ablative  following  the  analogy  of  verbs  of  filling.  623. 

25  unde  primum  Graecos  divitiarura  luxuria  cepit,  since  that 
time  the  luxury  of  riches  first  took  possession  of  the  Greeks. — divlso 
inter  se  auro  Persico,  when  they  had  divided  among  them  the 
Persian  gold. 

28  navali  proello  dimicatum  est,  a  sea-fight  took  place. 


_     74    — 

Page 

14.  30  vicisse  Graecos  et  Mardonii  copias  occidiOne  occidisse,  that  the 
Greeks  had  won  and  completely  cut  down  the  troops  of  Mardonius; 
Graecos  is  Subject- Accusative  and  copias  Object- Accusative  in  the  Aco. 
w.  Inf.  construction.  —  tantam  famae  velocitatem  fuisse  (supply 
dicunt),  the  velocity  of  the  report  was  so  great,  they  say. 

32  matutino  tempore,  in  the  morning.  —  meridianis  horis,  at 
noon;  time  when  is  in  the  Abl.  672. 

15.  1  tantum  spatii;  the  Gen.  after  a  neuter  pronoun,  see.  6.  —  tam 
brevi  horarum  momento,  in  the  short  space  of  a  few  hours.  —  de 
victoria  nuntiatum  est,  icoj^d  was  brought  about  the  victory. 

2  confecto  bello,  the  icar  being  terminated. 

3  omnium  judicio,  i7i  the  opinion  of  all.  —  praelata,  sc.  est. 

4  princeps  civitatum  testimonio  judicatus,  being  declared  the 
chief  according  to  the  testimonial  of  the  states. 

5.    Sparta  and  Lycurgus. 
7  ducibus  Lacedaemoniis  et  Atheniensibus,  under  the  leadership 
of  the  Lacedaemonians  and  Athenians;  Abl.  Absol.  836. 

12  trahgre,  Historical  Inf.  809. 

13  gestis  rebus  inlustres,  famous  by  their  exploits.  —  propriis 
viribus,  Abl.  depending  on  confidsbant.  628. 

14  institutis  SolOnis  et  legibus  Lycurgi,  Abl.  of  Means,  eos. 

15  ex  aemulatiOne  virium,  from  jealousy  of  their  power. 

16  cum  successisset. .  .vindicare  potuisset,  though  he  succeeded 
and  could  claim;  cum,  Concessive  Conjunction  with  the  Subj.   767. 

19  summa  fide,  Abl.  of  Manner  without  cum.  eis. 

20  quanto  plus  pietatis  jura  valerent,  how  much  more  influence 
the  rights  of  piety  had;  Abl.  to  denote  the  degree  of  difference.  612; 
the  Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Question.  801. 

21  medio  tempore,  in  the  mean  time;  time  when  in  the  Abl.  672. 

22  non  habentibus  Spartanis  leges  institiiit,  he  enacted  laws,  the 
Spartans  not  having  any;  leges  belongs  to  instituit  and  is  to  be 
understood  to  habentibus. 

23  magis..clarior;  magis  is  sometimes  used  with  Comparatives 
adding  to  their  force. 

25  documentum  daret,  would  give  an  example;  the  Subjunctive 
to  express  the  opinion  of  Lycurgus. 


Pag© 

28  emi  singula  jussit,  he  ordered  every  thing  to  he  bought.  15. 

29  compensatione  mercium,  by  bartering. 

I  sublegendi  senatum  vel   creandi  quos  vellet   magistratus  po-i6. 
tcstatem,  the  power  of  electing  to  the  senate  or  to  appoint  those 
whom  they  wished  to  be  their  magistrates;  the  Genitive  of  the  Gerund 
after  potestas;  vellent  in  the  Subjunctive  to  express  the  opinion  of 
the  Lacedaemonians. 

3  aequiita  patrimonia,  the  properties  being  made  equal  =  the 
equality  of  propjerty;  a  common  translation  of  a  participle  is  an 
abstract  noun. 

4  potentiorem  altero,  more  powerful  than  the  other;  Abl.  of  Com- 
parison. 609.  —  redderent  takes  two  Accusatives.  678. 

5  ne  cujus;  cujus,  instead  of  aliciijus  after  ne.   762. 

6  non  ampllus  una  veste  uti,  to  use  no  more  than  one  dress;  uti 
takes  the  Abl.  626;  quam  is  omitted  after  ampllus  without  influence 
on  the  construction.  6io.  —  toto  anno,  all  the  year  round;  duration 
of  time  is  commonly  expressed  by  the  Accusative,  but  occasionally, 
as  hera,  by  the  Ablative.  —  permissum,  sc.  est. 

8  ne.  .verteretur;  the  Subjunctive  after  ne  to  denote  the  _29Mr- 
pose,    758. 

9  ut..agerent,  to  pass;  Subjunctive  of  purpose.   756. 

II  nihil  eos  substernere,  deggre,  &c.;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on 
statuit. 

12  priusquam  viri  facti  essent;  the  Subjunctive  depending  on  the 

ACO.  W.  Inf.    826. 

14  ut  eligerentur.  .coercerent;  ut  with  the  Subjunctive  to  denote 
purpose.  756.  —  matrimonia  sua,  their  wives. 

16  nullis  frenis,  Abl.  of  Means. 

17  non  divitum  et  potentium  esse,  should  not  belong  to  the  rich 
and  powerful;  Genitive  with  esse  to  denote  the  predicate.   57i. 

18  nee  usquam  terrarum,  nowhere  in  the  world;  Partitive  Genitive 
with  Adverbs.  566.  6. 

19  solutis  antea  morlbus,  their  manners  having  been  formerly 
loose. 

20  et  inde  se  detulisse;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  fingit. 

21  consuescendi  taedlum,  the  trouble  of  getting  accustomed. 


—     76    — 

Page 

16.  22  vincat;  in  this  sentence  tlie  Present  Subjunctive  is  used  after 
tlie  Jiistorical  Present  in  tlie  leading  clause  according  to  the  general 
rule.  743. 

23  obllgat  talies  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.,  nihil  eos  mutaturos  (esse). 

24  priusquam  revertergtur;  the  Subjunctive  after  priusquam  implies 
intention:  before  he  should  i^eturn. 

25  consulturum,  referring  to  se  (Lycurgum),  denotes  j^wrpose;  to 
consult  the  oracle.  —  quid  addendum  mutandumque  legibus  videre- 
tur,  what  seemed  icorth  changing  or  adding  to  his  laws;  the  Sub- 
junctive in  Indirect  Question,   soi. 

27  morlens,  when  dying.  833. 

28  ne  arbitrarentur,  lest  they  should  consider.  —  relatis  Lacedae- 
monem;  supply  ossibus,  ivhen  they  were  brought  back  to  Lacedaemon. 
833.  —  solutos  se  religiOne,  that  they  were  freed  from  their  obliga' 
Hon;  verbs  o^  separation  take  the  Abl.  G20. 

29  in  dissolvendis  legibus,  in  abolishing  the  laws. 

6.    Sicily.    Livasiori  of  the  Athenians. 

31  ItalTae  adhaesisse,  was  united  with  Italy;  adhaerSre  being 
compounded  with  ad  takes  the  Dative.   />»?. 

32  diremptamque,  sc.  esse.  —  a  corpore;  Abl.  of  Separation  with 
preposition  after  dirimerc.  620.  —  majOre  impetu,  Instrumental  Abl.,  by 
the  greater  violence. 

17.  1  toto  undarum  onere,  loith  the  whole  burden  of  its  waves. 

3  ut  patgat,  Subjunctive  of  result  after  ita.  —  tota  ferme,  nearly 
the  whole  of  it.  —  nee  non,  sc.  est,  and  there  is  besides;  nee  non  is 
emphatically  affirmative. 

4  ignibus  generandis  nutriendisque;  the  Dative  of  the  Grerundive 
denoting  purpose:  for  producing  fire  and  feeding  it.  —  soli  ipsius 
naturalis  materia,  natural  material  of  the  soil  itself;  this  is  the 
Subject  of  the  sentence. 

5  quippe  intrinsecus  stratum  sulphure  et  bitumine  tradltur,  for 
indeed  they  say  it  (the  soil)  is  covered  on  the  inside  with  sulphur 
and  pitch;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  tradltur. 

6  ut..eructet.  Subjunctive  of  purpose.  758.  —  spiritu  cum  igne 
in  materia  luctante,  while  the  air  is  fighting  with  fire  in  the  ma- 
ierial. 


Page 

7  compluribus  locis;  the  Ablative  is  used  without  a  preposition  17. 
to  denote  the  place  where  in  the  case  of  loco,  locis,  when  qualified 
by  Adjectives.  687. 

11  nomine,  by  this  word;  Abl.  of  Means. 

12  mirum,  supply  est.  —  in  quern  res  tot  coi6re  mirae,  where  so 
many  wonderful  things'  (concur)  are  to  be  found. 

13  quod  nusquam  latius  torrens  fretum,  because  the  straits  are 
noivhere  rolling  in  a  wide  stream;  torrens  is  a  Participle,  and 
latius  an  Adverb  qualifying  the  same. 

14  nee  solum  citato  impetu  sed  etiam  saevo,  not  only  ivith 
rapid  motion  but  even  a  raging  one;  Descriptive  Abl.   gig. 

15  experientibus,  for  those  who  experience  it.  —  procul  visenti- 
bus,  for  those  who  see  it  from  afar. 

16  ut  videas . .  exaudias,  that  you  may  see,  hear;  Subjunctive  of 
result  after  tanta. 

21  veluti,  as  if  takes  the  Subj.  772. 

22  in  tarn  angustis  terminis,  ivithin  so  narrow  limits. — aliter 
durare  potuisset,  could  have  lasted  otherwise.  —  tot  saeculis,  for  so 
many  centuries;  time  how  long  is  here  expressed  by  the  Abl. 

23  nisi,  .aleretur;  the  condition  is  represented  as  contrary  to  fact. 
788.  III.  —  nutrimentis,  Abl.  of  Means,  gos. 

25  hinc  latratus  audltus,  sc.  est,  from  this  source  comes  the 
barking  which  is  heard.  —  hinc  monstri  credita  simulacra,  sc.  sunt, 
hence  the  phantoms  of  the  monster  are  believed  (to  come). —  navi- 
gantes  is  Subject  to  putant,  the  sailors  believe. 

26  magnis  verticibus  pelagi  desidentis  exterriti,  belongs  to 
navigantes:  being  terrified  by  the  great  whirlpools  of  the  tumbling 
sea.  —  latrare  undas,  Ace.  w.  Inf  depending  on  putant. 

29  raptum  secum  spiritum  in  imum  fundum  trahit,  carries  the  air 
ivith  it  AND  d7'aws  it  to  the  lowest  bottom.  It  is  sometimes  con- 
venient to  translate  a  participle  by  a  co-ordinate  sentence. 

30  donee,  .incendat,  until  it  sets  on  fire;  donee,  until,  implying 
purpose  takes  the  Subjunctive.  778. 

33  ut..ded6rit;  Subjunctive  of  result  after  ita.  759.  —  quantum 
admirationis;  the  Genitive  after  a  neuter  pronoun.  50G.  o. 

1  dedgrit;  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  in  the  dependent  clause  after  18. 
the  Present  in  the  principal  clause.  —  credentibus,  sc.  antiquis,  ivho 


-     78     — 

Page 

18.  believed.  —  coeuntibus  in  se  promuntoriis  ac  rursum  discedenLibus, 
when  the  promontories  dash  against  each  other  and  separate 
again. 

2  solida  intercipi  absumlque  navigia;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on 
credentibus. 

3  in  duicedinem  fabulae  conpositum,  gotten  up  for  the  charm 
of  the  story. 

i  ea  est  natura  loci,  ut  putes,  arbitrfiris,  such  is  the  natural  po- 
sition of  the  site,  that  you  may  take  it.  .believe.  —  procul  inspicien- 
tibus,  to  those  looking  at  it  from  afar. 

6  quo  cum  accesseris,  for  cum  eo  accesseris. 

7  arbitrere  for  arbitrCris,  depending  on  ut. 

0  quibus  exstinctis,  when  they  were  undone. 
10  post  qucm  =  post  eum. 

13  justitia,  Abl.  of  Means.  —  cujus  moderationis,  a  moderation  of 
which. 

14  haud  mediocris,  not  common.  —  decfidens,  dying  =  at  his 
death. 

15  spectatae  fidei  servo,  to  a  slave  of  tried  honesty;  Genitive  of 
Quality.  566. 5. 

17  ut . .  mallent . . .  paterentur;  Subjunctives  of  result  after  tan- 

tUS.     759. 

18  obliti  dignitatis  suae,  Genitive  with  verbs  of  forgetting.  568. 

20  varla  victoria,  with  varying  victory;  Abl.  of  Manner.  6i3. 

21  dimicatum,  sc.  est.  —  amisso  Hamilcare  imperatore  cum  exer- 
citu;  Abl.  Absol.,  but  it  may  be  rendered  in  English:  ajler  the  loss  of 
their  general  Hamilcar  with  his  army. 

23  discordia  laborarent,  were  suffering  from  discord;  discordia. 
Causal  Abl.  604. 

25  ab  Himera,  from  Himera;  with  names  of  towns  the  preposi- 
tions a,  ab,  and  e,  ex  are  sometimes  used  for  the  sake  of  greater 
exactness.  —  in  auxillum  vocati,  is  best  rendered  by  a  relative 
clause. —  pulsis  civitate  contra  quos  implorati  fuerant,  et  mox  caesis 
quibus  tulerant  auxillum;  the  Abl.  Absol.  to  supply  the  want  of  the 
perfect  active  participle,  having  driven  from  the  state  those  against 
whom  they  had  been  called  upon  for  aid,  and  having  slain  those 
to  whom  they  had  brought  relief 


—   Id  — 

Page 

28  ausi  facinus,  daring  a  crime;  the  perfect  participle  is  often  18. 
used  where  we  should  employ  a  Present. —  nulli  tyranno  comparan- 
dum,  not  to  he  comjjared  to  any  tyrant,  i.  e.  to  that  of  any  tyrant. 

—  ut  melius  fuerit,  that  it  had  been  better;  clause  of  result  intro- 
duced by  ut. 

29  captivitatis  jure,  by  the  right  of  captivity. 

30  servissent,  necesse  fuisset,  reliquissent,  are  verbs  of  an  in- 
complete conditional  sentence,  the  protasis  to  be  supplied  from  the 
context  would  be:  "i/  they  had  been  defeated";  the  condition  being 
contrai^y  to  fact,  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  is  the  proper  tense.  788.iu. 

—  amissa  patria,  with  the  loss  of  their  country. 

31  inter  aras  et  patrios  lares  trucidati,  having  been  butchered 
among  the  altars  and  household  gods. 

32  patriam  praedam  reliquissent;  relinqugre  besides  its  proper 
Accusative  (patriam)  takes  another  Accusative  (praedam)  as  a 
secondary  OlTject.  578. 

1  cum    graves  paterentur,  .nnce  they  were  indignant  at;  the  19. 
Adjective  graves  is  used  instead  of  the  Adverb  graviter.  sso. 

2  diffrsi  viribus,  distrusting  their  own  strength;  diflBdere  takes 
the  Dative.  ^89.  —  petivGre  =  petiverunt;  petere  allquid  ab  ali- 
quo.    S80. 

3  qui,  and  the  latter.  —  studio  majoris  imperii,  with  a  view  to 
enlarge  their  dominion;  Objective  G-enitive.  566. 2. 

4  metu  factae  pridem  a  Syracusanis  classis,  from  fear  of  the  fleet 
which  the  Syracusans  had  built  long  since. 

5  ne,  after  expressions  of  fear  is  that.  —  Lacedaemoniia  acce- 
derent,  might  be  added  to  the  Lacedaemonians. 

6  sub  specie  ferendi  Catiniensibus  auxilii,  under  the  pretext  of 
coming  to  the  aid  of  the  Catinienses;  the  Genitive  of  the  Gerundive  is 
used  with  nouns.   843. 

8  frequenter  caesis  hostibns,  the  enemy  having  been  frequently 
defeated  or  by  frequent  defeats  of  the  eneiny. 

9  Lachete  et  ChariSde  ducibus,  Abl.  Abscl. 

10  sive  metu  sive  taedio  belli,  either  from  fear  or  from  disgust 
with  the  war;  Causal  Abl.    604. 

11  remissis  Atheniensmm  copiis,  may  be  taken  with  Catinienses 
as  subject  to  supply  the  want  of  the  perfect  active  participle,  the 
Catinienses  having  sent  back  the  forces  of  the  Athenians. 


—      so- 
cage 

19.  13  interjecto  tempore,  some  time  having  intervened. 

14  sordida  veste,  capillo  barbaque  promissis,  are  Ablatives  of  Means 
governed  by  deformes,  disfigured  by  their  dirty  dress,  &c.,  &c. 

15  omni  squaloris  habitu  ad  misericordiam  commovendam  adqui- 
sito,  having  assumed  every  appearance  of  squalor  to  excite  com- 
passion; ad  with  the  Gerundive  to  express  purpose.   845. 

20  Sicilia  repetitiir,  Sicily  is  sought  again,  i.  e.,  they  return  to 
Sicily. 

21  ut  ipsis  terrOri  essent,  that  they  were  a  terror  even  to  those; 
both  ipsis  and  terrori  are  governed  by  essent;  with  the  verbs  esse, 
dare,  &c.,  besides  the  Dative  of  the  person,  another  is  used  to  express 
the  purpose,  intention,  or  destination.   595. 

22  brevi  post  temp6re,  after  a  short  time;  distance  of  time  how 
long  after  ia  expressed  by  the  Abl.  with  post  following.  675.  —  revo- 
cato  Alcibiade,  Abl.  Absol. 

24  munitionibus  circumdatis,  having  put  around  fortifications; 
Abl.  Absol.  to  supply  the  want  of  the  perf.  active  participle.  — 
hostes  to  be  joined  with  in  urbe  clausos. 

27  sed  qui,  hut  he. 

28  instar  omnium  auxiliorum,  as  good  as  all  the  auxiliary  troops. 
—  audlto  genere  belli  jam  inclinato  statu,  having  heard  of  the  kind 
of  war,  the  situation  being  already  on  tJie  decline;  Abl.  Absol. 

29  auxiliis  contractis  opportana  bello  loca  occupat,  he  concen- 
trates troops  AND  occupies  places  suitable  for  war  purposes.' 

31  congressus  tertio,  sc.  proelio,  engaged  in  a  third. 

20.  1  quo  cognito,  this  circumstance  having  become  known;  Abl. 
Absol. 

i  communi  civitatium  decrgto,  by  a  joint  decree  of  the  states,  or 
according  to,  &c. 

6  quasi,  as  if,  governs  the  Subjunctive.  772. 

6  ex  utraque  parte,  from  both  sides.  —  summis  viribus,  with 
might  and  main.  —  dimicabatur,  Impers.  Pass.,  the  fight  was  con- 
tinued. 

10  censere  coepit,  ut  ablrent  Sicilia,  began  to  believe  they  should 
leave  Sicily;  censere,  to  believe,  is  here  used  as  a  verb  of  willing  or 
demanding,  and  as  such  it  must  take  ut  with  the  Subjunctive.  758. 

11  dum  res  quamvis  adflictae  nondum  tamen  perditae  forent,  as 
long  as  their  affairs,  though  in  a  bad  state,  were  not  yet  utterly  lost. 


—  *  81     — 

?ago 

12  neque  in  bello  perseverandum  (esse),  they  ought  not  to  persist  20, 
in  ivar,  he  said;  this  is  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.  of  the  oratio  obliqua,  depend- 
ing on  censet. 

13  esse  domi  graviOra  bella,  Ace.  w.  Inf.  —  in  quae  servare  opor- 
teret,  for  which  it  would  he  proper  to  save;  the  Subjunctive  in  the 
oratio  obliqua. 

14  pudore  male  actae  rei,  from  shame  of  his  failure;  Causal  Abl. 
—  metu  destitutae  spei  civlum,  frorn  fear  of  the  disappointed  hope 
of  the  citizens.  —  impellente  fato,  because  fate  impelled  him;  the  Abl. 
Absol,  expressing  the  cause.  833. 

17  inscitia  ducum,  Causal  Abl. 

18  inter  angustias  maris  tuentes  se  Syracusanos  adgressi,  having 
attacked  the  Syracusans  who  defended  themselves  within  the  nar- 
row passage  of  the  sea;  tuentes  is  best  rendered  by  a  relative 
clause. 

22  tutiorem  fugam  rati  itinere  terrestri,  supply  esse,  supposing 
the  flight  would  be  safer  by  land;  the  way  by  ichich  is  in  the  Abl. 
688.  —  ab  his  relictas  naves,  the  ships  deserted  by  them. 

25  a  captivitate  se  vindlcat,  he  saves  himself  from  captivity;  Abl. 
of  Separation.   620. 

26  ne  Demosthenis  quidem  exemplo  ut  sibi  consuleret  admonitus, 
not  reminded  even  by  the  example  of  Demosthenes  to  take  care  of 
himself;  ut  sibi  consuleret,  clause  of  purpose  after  admonitus. 

27  cladem  suOrura,  the  defeat  of  Ids  countrymen.  —  dedecore, 
Abl.  of  Means.  605. 

7.    Character  of  Philip  and  Alexander. 

29  XL  et  septem  annorum,  at  the  age  of  47  years;  Gen.  of  Quality. 
566.  5.  —  annis  XXV,  for  25  years;  duration  of  time  is  occasionally 
expressed  by  the  Ablative. 

30  apparatibus  studiosior,  more  fond  of  jyreparations;  studiosus 
here  governs  the  Dative;  this  is  exceptional,  the  regular  construction 
is  the  Gen.    567. 

31  maxime  opus  erant,  were  of  the  utmost  necessity;  opus  est 
takes  the  Dative  of  the  person;  the  thing  wanted  may  be  the  Subject, 
as  here.  624. 

32  divitiarum  quaestus  quam  custodia  sollertior,  his  acquiring 
riches  was  more  skilful  than  his  keeping^  i.  e.  he  was  more  skilful 


—     82     — 

Page 

20.  in  acquiring  riches  than   in    keeping  them.  —  inter  cotidianas 
raplnas,  in  the  midst  of  his  daily  plunders. 

21.  1  in  eo,  by  him. 

2  pari  jure,  loith  equal  right,  equally.  —  dilectae,  sc.  erant.  — 
ratio  vincendi,  way  to  gain  victory;  the  Gen.  of  the  Gerund  after  a 
Substantive. 

3  alloquioqui  plura  promitteret  quam  praestaret;  the  Subjunctive 
here  denoting  the  result;  qui  for  ut  is.   79i.  in. 

i  in  serla  et  jocos  artifex,  a  master  in  serious  matters  and 
joking;  in,  denoting  the  object  or  purpose. 

5  utilitate  non  fide,  on  account  of  utility  and  not  from  conscien. 
tiousness;  Causal  Abl.  604. 

6  apud  utrumque,  luith  both  parties. 

7  inter  haec,  withal;  inter,  means  during,  and  hence,  under 
the  circumstances  described;  sup])ly  the  copula  after  inter  haec. 

8  acumlnis  et  soliertiae  plena;  the  Gen.  governed  by  plenus. 
567.  1.  —  Ut  nec  ornatui  facilitas  nee  facilitati  inventionum.  deesset 
ornatus;  so  that  facility  of  expression  was  not  wanting  to  beauty, 
nor  beauty  to  readiness  of  invention,  i.  e.,  6*0  tJiai  facility  of  ex- 
pression was  not  without  beauty  of  style,  or  beauty  of  style  ivithout 
readiness  of  invention. 

10  et  virtute  et  vitiis,  both  in  virtue  and  vice;  Abl.  of  Limitation. 
608. —  patre  major,  Abl.  of  Comparison.  609. 

11  utrlque  di versa,  sc.  erat;  the  Dat.  with  esse  to  denote  posses- 
sion. si)4.  —  hic^  this  one,  the  last  mentioned;  ille,  the  former. 

12  deceptis  gaudfire  hostibus.  Historical  Inf.  soo;  gaudere  takes 
the  Causal  Abl.  6(W. 

13  prudentior  ille  consilio,  hie  animo  magnificentior,  the  former 
more  prudent  in  counsel,  the  latter  more  elevated  in  mind;  con- 
silio, animo,  Abl.  of  Limitation.   608. 

14  dissimulare . .  vincere.  Hist.  Inf   809. 

15  vini  nimis  avidus,  too  fond  of  the  cup;  avidus  takes  the  Gen. 

567.  1. 

16  ebrietatis  vitTa,  the  injurious  effects  of  drunkenness. 

17  de  convivio,  from  or  directly  after  the  banquet 

20  convivio  excessit,  departed  from  a  banquet;  verbs  of  sepa- 
ration take  the  Abl.  620. 


—     83     — 

Page 

22  malle,  Hist.  Inf.  for  malebat.  — litterarum  cultus  utrlqiie  similis,  2* 
Bupply  erat:  tlie  cultivation  of  science  was  alike  in  father  and  son. 

23"  sollertiae  pater  majOris,  liic  fid6i  (supply  majoris),  the  father 
was  a  man  of  greater  skill,  the  son  of  greater  uprightness;  the 
Genitive  of  Quality  used  iwedicatively .  566.  5.  —  verbis  atque  oratioue 
Pbilippus,  liic  rebus  moderatior,  in  his  luords  and  speech  Philip 
was  more  moderate^  the  other  more  so  in  his  deeds. 

24  parcendi  victis  animus,  the  inclination  to  spare  the  conquered; 
since  parcere  governs  the  Dative?  the  Gerundive  could  not  be  used 
instead  of  the  Gerund.  842. 

26  deditus,  given,  takes  the  Dat.  598.  —  quibus  artibus,  for  iis 
artibus  quibus. 

8.    The  death  of  Alexander. 
31  defunctos  (esse),  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  ait.  —  tumultuantes 
milites  et . .  suspicantes,  the  soldiers  being  in  confusion  and  sus- 
pecting. —  regem  insidiis  perire,  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending    on    su- 
spicantes. 

2  osculandam  dextram  flentibus  porrexit,  reached  to  the  weep-  22. 
ing  his  hand  to  kiss;  the  Gerundive  is  joined  with  porrigere  to  denote 
the  purpose.  84i. 

i  sine  ullo  tristiOris  mentis  argumento,  without  any  sign  of 
deeper  affliction. 

6  ut  consolaretur,  Subjunctive  of  Result  after  ut,  so  that. 

6  In  hostem,  in  mortem,  against  the  enemy,  against  death,  i.  e., 
in  face  of  the  enemy,  in  face  of  death. 

7  dimissis  militibus,  Abl.  AbsoL 

8  videanturne  similem  sibi  reperturi  regem,  whether  it  seemed  to 
them  that  they  ivouldfind  another  king  like  him;  the  Subjunct.  vide- 
antur,  in  the  Indirect  Question.  801;  repertfiri  (esse)  is  Norn.  w.  Inf. 
after  videri.  822. 

9  tacentibus  cunctis,  Abl.  AbsoL,  while  all  were  silent.  —  se  hoc 
. .  .ociilis  videre;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  dixit. 

11  quantum  sanguinis  sit  fusiira  Macedonia,  quantis  caedibus  pa- 
rentatura  sit,  are  Indirect  Questions  depending  on  oculis  videre; 
quantum  sanguinis,  Part.  Gen.  after  quantum.   566.  &. 

12  quantis  caedibus,  quo  cruore,  what  slaughter  and  gore.  — 
mortuo  sibi  parentatura  (sit),  it  (Macedonia)  would  offer  as  a 
sacrifice  for  him  when  dead. 


—     84    — 

JPage 

23.      13  corpus  suum  condi  jubet,  he  ordered  his  body  to  he  interred, 
Norn.  w.  Inf.  821. 

15  tanta  illi  animi  magnitudo  fuit,  he  had  such  greatness  of  mind. 
—  lit. . .  nuncuparet,  Subjunctive  of  result,  after  ut. 

16  cum  relinqugret,  though  he  left;  cum,  concessive  conjunction 
with  Subjunct.  767. 

18  quasi... esset;  quasi,  as  if,  takes  the  Subjunctive.  —  nefas  est 
taJies  the  Ace.  w.  Inf. 

20  veluti.  .cecinisset;  veluti,  as  if,  takes  the  Subjunctive.  —  am- 
bitione  vulgi,  by  paying  court  to  the  masses;  Instrumental  Abl.  605. 

23  praeclQsa  voce,  his  voice  failing;  Abl.  Absol. 

24  exemptum  diglto  anulum  tradidit,  Jie  took  the  ring  from  his 
finger  and  gave  it.  —  quae  res,  and  this  circumstance. 

25  non  voce,  tamen  judicio,  not  by  word  of  mouth,  yet  by  these 
'proceedings,  i.  e.,  by  his  last  will. 

28  supra  humanam  potentiam,  above  human  capacity.  —  magni- 
tudine  animi,  Abl.  governed  by  praeditus.   623. 

29  ipso  ortu,  at  his  very  birth;  Abl.  denoting  time.  673. 

30  tota  die,  all  day  long;  duration  of  time  is  occasionally  expres- 
sed by  the  Ablative. 

23.       3  puer,  when  a  boy.  —  acerrimis  litterarum  studiis  eruditus,  Abl. 
of  Means  with  eruditus.  607;  instructed  in  the  most  acute  studies. 

i  exacta  pueritia,  having  spent  his  boyhood. 

5  accepto  imperio,  Abl.  Abs.,  having  received  the  crown. 

6  se  appellari  jussit,  Aoc.  w.  Inf. ;  appellari  takes  two  Nominatives, 
but  in  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.  they  become  Accusatives. 

7  fiduciam  sui,  confidence  in  him;  Objective  Gen.  566.  3. —  ut.  .ti- 
merent,  Subjunctive  of  result  after  tantam  fiduciam.  .ut.  759.  —  illo 
presente,  Abl.  Abs.,  in  his  presence. 

8  cum  nuUo  hostium,  Part.  Gen.  after  nuUus.  566. 6. 

9  quem  non  vic6rit;  qui  after  a  general  negative  as:  nemo,  nuUus, 
takes  the  Subjunctive.  793.  b. 

13  exstincto  Alexandre  Magno,  Alexander  the  Great  having  ex- 
pired. 

14  tota  Babylone,  in  the  whole  of  Babylon;  the  AW.  in  answer  to 
the  question  where  ?  683. 


—     85     — 

Page 

15  quod,   hecausey  takes  the  Indicative  (credid6rant).— ut.  .sic,  23. 
as.  .so. 

17  quotiens  ereptus  esset,  quam  saepe  se  obtulisset;  Indirect 
Questions  with  the  verb  in  the  Subjunct.  after  recordantes.  —  prae- 
senti  morte  erei)tus  esset,  had  been  delivered  from  imminent  death; 
the  usual  construction  is  aliquem  a  morte  eripere;  but  here  the  Abl. 
is  used  without  a  preposition.  620.  —  pro  amisso,  instead  of  being 
lost. 

19  ut  mortis  ejus  fides  adfiiit,  when  the  news  of  his  death  proved 
to  be  true. 

21  quam  indulgentia  victoris  vitae  non  poenitugrat,  who  through 
the  generosity  of  the  conqueror  did  not  regret  that  she  had  been 
spared;  paenitet  talies  the  person  in  the  Ace.  and  the  exciting 
cause  in  the  Gen.  584.  —  indulgentia  victoris  is  Causal  Abl.  604.  — 
amisso  filio  a  fastigio  tantae  majestatis  in  captivitatem  redacta, 
having  lost  her  son,  and  being  reduced  from  the  summit  of  such 
grandeur  to  captivity;  this  is  in  apposition  to  mater;  to  facilitate 
the  translation  arrange  the  sentence  as  follows:  mater  quoque  Darei 
regis  amisso  filio  a  fastigio  tantae  majestatis  in  captivitatem  redacta, 
quam  indulgentia,  &c. 

24  non  quod,  not  as  if  takes  the  Subjunct.  785. 

26  versa  vice,  reversedly.  —  non  ut  civem  et  regem,  verum  ut 
hostem  amissum  gaudebant;  in  the  first  part  of  the  clause  we  must 
supply  lugebant;  they  did  not  mourn  for  the  loss  of  their  citizen 
and  king,  but  rejoiced  as  if  they  had  lost  an  enemy]  hostis  amissus 
is  the  lost  enemy  or  the  loss  of  an  enemy;  but  here  it  is  equivalent 
to  a  comparative  clause  with  as  if. 

27  gaudebant  is  here  transitive.  575. 

28  exsecrantes,  in  apposition  to  Macedones. 

I 

9.    The  earliest  history  of  Carthage, 

30  ventum  est,  Impers.  Pass. 

31  pauca  dicenda  sunt,  a  few  remarks  ought  to  be  made;  the  Pass. 
Periphrastic  Conjugation  expresses  necessity.  74i.  —  repetltis  Tyri- 
orum  paulo  altius  rebus,  Abl.  Abs.,  by  beginning  a  little  farther  back 
with  the  history  of  the  Tyrians, 

32  dolendi,  deplorable. 

1  condita  est,  was  founded,  i.  e.,  derived  its  origin.  —  terrae  24. 
motu  vexati,  being  harassed  by  an  earthquake. 


—     86     — 

Page 

24.      2  mari  proximum  litus,  the  Dat.  depending  on  proximus.  598. 
4,  vocant  takes  two  Ace.  578. 

5  expugnati,  having  been  subdued. 

6  navibus  appulsi,  having  landed.  —  ante  annum  Trojanae  cladis, 
a  year  before  the  fall  of  Troy;  time  Jiow  long  before  is  expressed  by 
the  Abl.  or  Aoc.  675. 

7  Persarum  bellis,  at  the  time  of  the  Persian  ivars.   673. 

8  attritis  viribus,  their  forces  being  impaired.  Abl.  Abs.  —  a  ser- 
vis  suis  multitudine  abundantibus,  at  the  hands  of  their  slaves  who 
were  very  numerous. 

9  conspiratione  facta,  Abl.  Abs.,  having  formed  a  conspiracy. 

10  libgrum  populum,  the  free  population. 

u  potiti;  the  perfect  participle  of  a  deponent  verb  may  be  used 
exactly  as  our  perfect  active  participle. 

11  unus  ex  tot  milibus  servorum;  e,  ex  is  often  used  for  the  Par- 
titive G-en.  —  miti  ingenio,  fortuna.  Causal  Abl.  604. 

15  moveretur,  respicfiret;  Subjunctives  after  unus  qui.   793.  a. 

16  truci  ferocitate,  pia.  .humanitate;  Abl.  of  Manner.  6i3. 

17  itaque  cum  velut  occlsos  alienasset,  therefore  when  he  had  re- 
moved them  as  if  they  had  been  Jcilled.  —  servisque  de  statu  rei- 
publicae  deliberantibus  placuisset,  and  the  slaves  after  deliberating 
on  the  state  of  affairs  had  resolved;  mihi  placet,  lam  of  opinion, 
J  resolve. 

18  regem  creari,  eumque  potissimum;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on 
placuisset,  that  a  king  should  be  appointed  and  in  preference  to  all 
others  he,  &c. 

19  acceptissimum  dis;  Dat.  after  acceptus.  598.  —  qui  solem  orien- 
tem  primus  vidisset,  who  should  first  have  seen  the  rising  sun;  the 
Subjunct.  in  a  clause  depending  upon  the  Ace.  w.  Inf. 

22  medio  noctis,  at  midnight. 

•2A.  videri,  Historical  Inf. 

25  editissimisque  culminibus,  on  the  highest  roofs. 

26  oriens,  sc.  sol.  —  ut  ipsum  solem  aspicerent,  to  see  the  sun 
himself;  Subjunctive  in  a  clause  of  purpose  after  ut. 

29  visa^  sc.  est.  —  requirentibus . .  confitGtur,  to  those  inquiring 
after,  .he  confesses. 


Qi        

Page 

30  intellectum  est,  they  saw  clearly;  Impers.  Pass.  —  quantum  in-  24. 
genua  servilibus  ingenia  praestarent,  how  much  freehorn  minds 
excel  those  of  slaves;  the  Subjunctive  is  used  in  Indirect  Question,  soi. 

33  reservatos  (sc.  esse),  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  arbitrantes.  — 
creare  takes  two  Ace.  578. 

2  toto  orbe  terrarum ;  Abl.  without  the  preposition  to  denote  the  25. 
place  where  when  a  noun  is  qualified  by  totus.  687. 

6  crucibus  adfixit,  nailed  them  to  the  cross  =  crucified  them; 
adfigere  being  compounded  with  ad  takes  the  Dat.  S92. 

8  ingenuis  et  innoxiis  incolis  insulae  attributis,  having  assigned 
the  freehorn  and  innocent  inhabitants  to  the  island;  Abl.  Abs.  —  ex- 
Btirpato  servlli  germine,  Abl.  Abs.,  the  breed  of  the  slaves  being  ex- 
tirpated. —  genus  urbis,  the  stock  of  the  city. 

10  hoc  modo,  Abl.  of  Manner.  6i3.  —  Tyrii  Alexandri  auspicTis  con- 
diti,  the  Tyrians  being  established  under  the  auspices  of  Alexander. 

11  parsimonia  et  labore  quaerendi,  by  economy  and  acquisitive 
disposition,  Abl.  of  Means. 

12  missa  in  Africam  juventute,  Abl.  Abs. 

13  cum  interim  Mutto  dec5dit,  vMle  in  the  meantime  Mutto  died; 
this  is  temporal  cum ;  accordingly  it  takes  the  Indie.  774. 

14  PygmaliOne  et  Elissa  heredibus  mstitutis,  having  appointed 
Pygmalion  and  Elissa  his  heirs;  Abl.  Abs.  —  insignis  formae  virgine, 
a  virgin  of  great  beauty;  Gen.  of  Quality.  566. 5. 

17  qui  honos,  a  dignity  which.  —  nubit,  marries,  takes  the 
Dat.  589. 

18  huic  magnae  opes  erant,  he  owned  great  riches;  esse  with  the 
Dat.  of  the  possessor.  594.  —  metu  regis,  from  fear  of  the  king; 
Causal  Abl.  604. 

21  qua,  sc.  re.  —  oblitus  juris  humani,  forgetful  of  human  law; 
verbs  of  forgetting  take  the  Gen.  568. 

22  eundemque  generum,  and  at  the  same  time  his  brother-in-law; 
idem  is  often  equivalent  to  an  adverbial  phrase.   7i7. 

23  aversata,  having  avoided;  the  perfect  participle  of  a  deponent 
verb  may  be  used  exactly  as  our  perfect  active  participle.  —  dissi- 
mulate odio  mitigatoque  vultu,  Abl.  Abs.;  translate  the  participle 
actively. 


—     88     — 

Pago 

25.  25  adsumptis  quibusdam  principibus  in  societatem,  having  ad- 
mitted a  few  chiefs  into  her  company.  —  quibus  par  odium  in  regem 
esse;  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depending  on  arbitrabatur. 

27  dolo,  Instrumental  Abl.  —  re  renovet  neve  recurrat;  clause  of 
purpose  with  ne  and  the  Subjunctive. 

28  ei  cupidae  oblivionis,  to  her  desirous  of  forgetting;  cupidae  is 
in  apposition  to  ei,  and  the  Gen.  oblivionis  depends  on  cupidae. 
567. 1.  —  mariti  belongs  to  domus. 

29  oculic  ejus  occurrat,  should  offer  itself  to  her  sight;  occurrere 
being  compounded  with  ob  takes  the  Dat.  502. 

31  vcnturum,  sc.  esse. 

32  a  rege  missos;  the  participle  is  best  rendered  by  a  relative 
clause. 

33  prima  vespera;  primus  is  often  combined  with  a  Substan- 
tive in  order  to  denote  that  part  of  the  thing  which  the  Adjective 
specifies:  prima  vespera,  at  the  first  appearance  of  dark.  —  pro- 
vectaque  in  altum,  sc.  mare,  having  proceeded  out  to  the  deep  water. 

26.  1  onera  harenae  pro  pecunia  involucris  involuta,  loads  of  sand 
which  instead  of  the  money  had  been  packed  into  the  cases;  invo- 
lucris, is  Instrumental  Abl. 

2  lugubrlque  voce;  Abl.  of  Manner  without  cum,  and  with  a  plain- 
tive voice. 

3  Acerbam  ciet,  she  invokes  Acerhas.  —  libens,  the  Adjective 
instead  of  the  Adverb.  Soo. 

6  olim,  hereafter,  one  day;  here  of  the  future. 

7  qui . . .  subtraxerint,  who  had  taken  away.  —  quarum  epe  parri- 
cidlum  fecerit,  from  the  hope  of  ichich  he  (the  king)  had  committed 
parricide;  the  Eelative  with  the  Subjunct.  in  a  clause  depending 
upon  an  Ace.  w.  Inf. 

8  subtraxerint  takes  the  Dat.  avaritiae,  to  be  translated  hy  from. 
588.  —  hoc  metu  omnibus  injecto,  this  fear  having  seized  upon  all. 

9  senatOrum  in  eam  noctem  praeparata  agmina,  the  crowds  of 
senators  who  were  ready  for  this  night. 

10  sacris  repetitis,  having  recovered  the  sacred  vessels. 

11  exsillo;  the  Abl.  of  Manner  is  often  hardly  to  be  distinguished 
from  that  of  means. 


—     89     — 

Page 
13  deOrum  monitu ;  Verbal  Abl.  of  Cause.  604.  —  comitem  se  so- 26. 
ciumque  praebuit,  offered  himself  aa  comjpanion  and  ally;  prae- 
bere,  takes  two  Ace.  578. 

u  pactus,  having  stipulated;  the  perfect  participle  of  a  deponent 
verb  may  be  used  exactly  as  our  perfect  active  participle. 

16  accepta,  so.  est.  —  virgines  admodum  Cyprias,  very  young 
Cyprian  maidens;  raptas  navibus  imponi  jubet,  ordered  to  he  car- 
ried off'  AND  put  on  hoard  shijo;  the  Participle  is  best  rendered  by 
a  co-ordinate  sentence. 

18  dum  haec  aguntur,  while  these  things  are  going  on. 

19  impio  bello,  Abl.  of  Means,  with  an  impious  war. 

20  aegre  victus  quigvit,  he  was  only  with  difficulty  restrained 
AND  kept  quiet    —  precibus    matris    deorumque    minis,   Instrum. 

Abl.    605. 

21  canerent,  foretold;  since  the  responses  of  the  oracles  and 
prophets  were  usually  sung  in  verse,  canere  signifies  also  to  foretell. 
—  urbis  toto  orbe  auspicatissimae,  of  a  city  founded  under  the  most 
favorahle  auspices  upon  the  whole  earth. 

22  spatium  respirandi  fugientibus  datum,  a  hreathing  space  was 
afforded  to  the  fugitives. 

23  datum,  sc.  est.  —  delata  in  Africae  einum,  having  heen  car- 
ried into  a  hay  of  Africa. 

24  adventu  and  commercio  are  Causal  Abl.  depending  on  gaudentes, 
rejoicing  over.  cod. 

25  empto  loco,  qui  corio  bovis  tegi  posset,  having  hought  as  much 
ground  as  could  he  covered  with  the  hide  of  an  ox.  —  qui  for  ut  is, 
hence  the  Subjunctive. 

26  in  quo. .  .reficere  posset,  where  she  could  refresh;  in  quo  for 
ut  in  eo.  —  fessos  longa  navigatione  socios,  her  companions  weary 
of  the  long  sea-voyage;  fessus  takes  the  Abl.  604. 

27  quoad  proficisceretur,  until  she  would  depart;  quoad,  until, 
implying  purpose  or  futurity  takes  the  Subjunctive.   778. 

31  spe  lucri,  from  hope  of  profit;  Causal  Abl. 

33  instar  civitatis,  an  outline  of  a  city. 

2  hortatique  sunt,  urbem  conderent,  and  exhorted  them  to  huild  27. 
a  city;  hortari  commonly  takes  ut  with  the   Subjunctive;   it  may 
take  the  Subjunctive  without  ut.  —  ubi  sedes  sortiti  essent,  where 
they  had  ohtained  settlements. 


—     90     — 

Page 

27.  3  Afros  amor  cepit,  a  desire  seized  the  Africans;  detineudi  ad- 
v6nas,  depends  on  amor.  —  consentientibus  omnibus,  by  consent  of 
all.  —  statute  annuo  vectigali,  a  yearly  tax  being  fixed. 

7  propter  quod,  and  therefore;  the  relative  instead  of  the  de- 
monstrative with  a  copulative  particle. 

9  auspicatam  sedem,  a  lucky  foundation. 

10  ad  opinionem  novae  urbis  concurrentlbus  gentibus;  the  Abl. 
Absr  may  be  here  rendered  by  a  sentence  with  when. 

11  magna  facta,  sc.  est;  the  predicate  agrees  with  the  nearest 
,word  civitas,  and  is  understood  to  popiilus.   542. 

13  cujus  virtus,  and  its  valor.  —  rei  publicae  status,  the  condition 
of  the  state.  —  variis  discordiarum  casibus,  by  various  cases  of  dis- 
sension; Abl.  of  Means. 

15  cruenta  sacrorum  religiOne,  bloody  sacrifices;  Abl.  depending 
on  usi  sunt.  626. 

18  aris  admovebant,  brought  to  the  altars;  admovfire  being  com- 
pounded with  ad  talies  the  Dat.  592.  —  pacem  deorum,  depends  on 
exposcentes.  58o. 

19  pro  quorum  vita  di  rogari  maxime  solent,  for  whose  life  the 
gods  are  mostly  and  commonly  supplicated;  the  verb  solere  may  be 
conveniently  rendered  by  the  adverb  commonly  or  usually. 


>-     91     — 


C.  JULIUS  CAESAR. 

C.  Julius  Caesar  was  born  at  Kome,  July  12tli,  b.  c.  100.  By  his 
valor  and  eloquence  he  soon  acquired  the  highest  reputation,  and 
went  through  the  usual  course  of  political  honors  which  the  republic 
could  bestow.  Under  the  title  and  authority  of  a  perpetual  dictator 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  imperial  constitution.  But  this  provoked 
the  hate  of  the  liberal  party,  and  on  the  Ides  of  March,  b.  c.  44,  he 
was  assassinated  in  the  senate-house  by  a  conspiracy  under  the  lead 
of  Brutus.  In  estimating  the  value  of  Caesar's  writings  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  there  are  —  strictly  speaking  —  but  two  standard 
authors  in  the  whole  of  the  Roman  literature:  Caesar  and  Cicero. 


10.    First   landing  in  Britain.  p 

3  exigiia  parte  aestatis  reliqua,  a  small  part  of  the  summer  being  28. 
left;  Abl.  Abs.  with  an  adjective  instead  of  a  participle.  836. 

i  mattlrae  sunt,  are  early,  i.  e.,  set  in  early. 

5  omnibus  fere  Gallicis  bellis,  nearly  in  all  wars  with  Gaul.  673. 
—  inde,  from  that  quarter.  —  administrata,  sc.  esse,  Ace.  w.  Inf.  de- 
pending on  intelligebat. 

7  si  tempus  anni  ad  bellum  gerendum  defic^ret,  tamen  arbitraba- 
tur. .,  if  the  season  should  be  too  late  for  carrying  on  war,  still  he 
believed;  one  might  have  expected  the  Present  deficiat  here,  the 
condition  being  represented  as  possible.  788.  ii.  But  frequently  the 
Present  Subjunctive  of  a  future  condition  becomes  Imperfect  by  the 
Sequence  of  Tenses,  deficeret  being  governed  by  arbitrabatur. 

8  magno  usui,  of  great  advantage;  Dai  to  denote  tho  purpose  or 
end.  59o.  —  si  modo  insulam  adisset,  if  he  had  only  visited  the 
island;  the  Pluperfects  adisset,  perspexisset  also  depend  on  arbitra- 
batur; si  modo,  if  only,  usually  takes  the  Indicative;  here  the  Sub- 
junctive is  used  in  oratio  obliqua. 

9  loca;  only  this  form  is  used  in  the  ordinary  sense  ^^places'\  I9i. 


—     92    — 

l*age 

28.  10  quae  omnia,  all  of  which.  —  neque  enim  to  be  rendered  with 
quisquam,  for  no  one. 

11  temere,  without  good  7'eason.  —  neque  quicquam,  and  noth- 
ing. — ■  illo,  thither,  i.  e.,  to  Britain. 

13  evoeatis  ad  se  mercatorlbus,  hainng  called  the  traders  to  him. 

14  esset,  incolgrent,  liaberent;  all  in  the  Subjunctive  in  the  indi- 
rect question  after  reperire  poterat. 

15  quern  usum  belli  haberent,  in  what  way  they  carried  on  war. 

16  qui  essent . . .  idonei  portus,  what  suitable  harbors  there  were. 

17  ad  majOrum  navium  multitudinem  idonei,  suitable  for  a  great 
number  of  larger  ships;  idoneus  takes  the  Dat.  or  ad  w.  Ace.  599. 

19  ad  haec  cognoscenda;  ad  with  the  Gerundive  to  denote  purpose. 
845.  —  priusquain  pcriculum  facerot,  b(fore  making  the  trial;  prius- 
quam  has  in  narrative  the  same  construction  as  historical  cum.  779. 

20  idoneum  esse  arbitratus  Gajum  YolusCnum,  thinking  Gains 
Volusenus  a  fit  person.  —  cum  navi  longa,  with  a  galley,  a  vessel 
propelled  by  a  large  number  of  oars. 

21  huic  mandat,  ut  revertatur,  he  orders  him  to  return;  verbs  of 
commanding  are  followed  by  the  Dat.  with  ut  or  ne.  758;  but  jubeo 
and  veto  take  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.  8i4. 

22  in  Morlnos,  the  people  for  the  territory;  the  Morini  occupied 
the  nearest  point  to  Britain. 

24  quam.  .classem,  the  fleet  which;  the  Antecedent  classem  incor- 
porated into  the  relative  sentence.   7i9. 

26  per  mercatores;  the  person  corisidered  as  means  or  instrument 
is  expressed  by  per  with  the  Aec.   606. 

29.  1  qui  polliceantur;  the  Subjunctive  of  purpose  after  qui.  792.  i. 
obsides  dare;  after  the  verbs  to  promise,  to  hope,  &c.,  the  Lat- 
ins regularly  use  the  Fut.  Inf.  with  the  Ace.  of  the  pronoun  expres- 
sed; but  there  are  many  instances  of  the  Pres.  Inf.  instead  of  the 
Future,  and  also  of  the  omission  of  the  pronoun. 

2  liberaliter  pollicitus,  having  made  liberal  promises. 

3  ut.  .permanerent;  ut  with  Subjunct.  after  hortari.   758. 

1  magni  habebatur,  was  regarded  as  of  great  account,  Gen.  of 
Value.  569.  —  huic  imperat,  quas  possit  adeat  civitates,  Jie  orders 
him  to  visit  what  states  he  could;  the  Subjunctives  adeat,  hortetur, 
nuntiet  depend  on  ut,  understood  after  imperat. 


—     93     — 

Page 

9  seque  venturum  (esse)  nuntiet,  and  fell  them  that  he  is  coming.  29. 

10  quantum  ei  facultatis  dari  potuit,  qui  non  auderet,  so  far  as 
opportunity  could  he  given  him  since  he  did  not  venture;  the  rela- 
tive pronoun  requires  the  Subjunctive  when  it  denotes  the  cause; 
qui  =  cum  is.    792.  ii.  —  quantum  facultatis,  Partitive  Gen.  566. 6. 

12  quaeque  perspexisset,  what  he  had  investigated;  the  Sub- 
junctive is  used  to  express  the  belief  of  Volusenus.  The  historical 
present  renuntiat  is  here  followed  by  a  historical  tense,  perspexisset, 
as  usual. 

14  in  his  locis,  i.  e.,  in  the  territory  of  the  Morini.  —  navium  pa- 
randarum  causa;  causa  with  the  Gen.  of  Gerund  or  Gerundive  to  denote 
purpose.  843. 

15  moratur;  the  conjunction  dum,  while^  as,  is  generally  joined 
with  the  Pres.  Indie.   734. 

16  qui  se  excusarent,  to  apologize;  Subjunctive  of  Purpose.  792.  i.  — 
de  superioris  temporis  consilio,  for  their  conduct  of  the  past  season. 

—  homines  barbari,  being  barbarians  =  as  they  were  barbarians. 

17  nostrae  consuetudlnis  imperitij  the  Gen.  depends  on  the  Adjec- 
tive imperiti.  567.  i. 

18  fecissent;  the  Subjunctive  is  used  to  state  the  thoughts  of 
another.  827.  —  seque  ea,  quae  imperasset,  facturos  pollicerentur; 
que  connects  pollicerentur  to  excusarent  in  the  same  construction; 
the  Ago.  w.  Inf.  se  factiiros  (esse)  after  a  verb  of  promising. 

20  belli  gerendi  is  to  be  joined  to  facultatem. 

21  has  tantularum  rerum  occupationes  sibi  Britanniae  anteponen- 
das  esse,  that  engagements  in  such  trifling  affairs  should  be  pre- 
ferred to  his  expedition  against  Britain.  Britanniae,  the  Dative  de- 
pending on  anteponendas  (592)  and  equivalent  to  his  expedition 
against  Britain. 

24  navlbus  circTter  octoginta  onerariis  coactis  contractisque, 
having  brought  together  and  concentrated,  about  SO  ships  ofbiu^den; 
naves  onerarlae,  ships  of  burden,  opposed  to  naves  longae,  galleys, 
ships  of  war. 

25  quot  satis  existimabat,  as  many  as  he  considered  sufUcient. 

—  ad  duas  legiones  transportandas,  to  carry  across  two  legions.  845. 

26  quod  praeterea  longarum  navium  habebat,  all  the  galleys  he 
had  besides;  longarum  navium  is  Partitive  Gen.  after  quod.   56*6.  6. 


—     94    -- 

Page 

29.  28  ex  eo  loco  ab  milibus  passuum  octo,  eight  miles  from  thence; 
distance  how  far  is  put  in  the  AM.,  commonly  without  any  preposition; 
here  ab  is  added,  esi. 

29  vento  tenebantur,  quomlnus  possent,  were  prevented  by  the 
wind  from  being  able;  after  verbs  of  hindrance^  quominus  is  used 
with  the  Subjunctive,  where  also  ne,  or  if  a  negative  precedes,  quin 
may  be  used.   "764. 

30  equitibus,  cavalry.  —  reliquum  exercitum  deducendum  dedit; 
the  Gerundive  is  used  with  the  verb  dare  to  express  the  purpose  or 
end  for  which  any  thing  is  given.   84i. 

30.  3  idoneam  ad  navigandum  tempestatem,  favorable  weather  for 
sailing;  the  common  construction  of  idoneus  is  ad  w.  the  Ace.  844. 

4  tertla  fere  vigilia,  about  the  third  watch;  the  third  watch  began 
at  midnight;  the  Romans  divided  the  night,  from  sunset  to  sunrise, 
into  four  equal  watches.  —  solvit,  supply  naves,  he  loosed  the  shipSy 
equivalent  to  the  English  expression,  he  set  sail  or  weighed  anchor. 

6  se  sequi  jussit;  se  is  here  Obj.  Accusative,  he  ordered  them  to 
follow  him. 

6  a  quibus  cum  id;  the  Relative  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence 
instead  of  a  Demonstrative.  —  paulo  tardlus,  somewhat  too  tardily, 
rather  tardily.  705. 

7  hora  diei  circlter  quarta,  about  the  fourth  hour  of  the  day,  i.  e., 
about  10  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

8  exposltas  hostium  copias  armatas,  the  forces  of  the  enemy 
drawn  up  under  arms. 

9  ita  montibus  angustis  mare  continebatur,  the  sea  was  con- 
fined by  mountains  so  close  to  it. 

11  ad  egrediendum  idoneum  locum,  a  spot  suitable  for  disem- 
barking. 

12  dum  reliquae  naves  convenlrent;  dum,  until,  takes  the  Sub- 
junctive to  denote  the  design  in  waiting  at  anchor.  778. 

13  ad  horam  nonam,  until  the  ninth  hour,  i.  e.,  three  o^clock  in 
the  afternoon. 

u  et  quae  ex  Voluseno  cognosset  et  quae  figri  vellet;  indirect 
questions  depending  upon  ostendit. 

15  monuitque  (ut  rei  militaris  ratio,  maximSque  ut  maritimae  res 
postularent,  ut  quae  celerem  atque  instabilem  motum  habgrent)  ad 
nutum  et  ad  tempus  omnes  res  administrarentur,  and  warned  them 


—     95     — 

Page 
that  all  things  should  be  perfojined  by  them  at  a  beck  and  at  a  30. 
moment,  as  the  principles  of  military  discipline,  and  especially  as 
naval  operations  required,  since  they  have  a  rapid  and  unstable 
motion,  monuit  governs  the  Subjunctive  without  ut  (administra- 
rentur);  ut,  in  the  parenthesis,  means  as,  and  would  govern  the 
Indicative,  if  not  in  oratio  obllqua;  the  relative  clause  quae..habe- 
rent  is  in  the  Subjunctive  to  aenote  the  cause;  in  such  sentences  the 
relative  may  be  strengthened  by  ut  or  quippe.  792.  11. 

18  his  dimissis,  when  they  were  sent  to  their  posts.  —  et  ventum 
et  aestum  secundum,  both  wind  and  tide  favorable;  secundum  be- 
longs as  well  to  ventum,  as  to  aestum. 

20  circiter  is  here  an  adverb;  milTa  passuum  septem,  being  the 
Aco.  of  ^Distance  how  far.  esi.  —  aperto  ac  piano  littore,  where  the 
shore  was  open  and  level;  Abl.  Absol. 

22  praemisso  equitatu  et  essedariis;  the  participle  agrees  with 
the  nearest  noun  and  is  to  be  understood  to  essedariis.  —  the  ess6- 
dum  was  a  two-wheeled  war  chariot,  and  the  essedarlus  tJie  fighter 
in  a  war  chariot. 

23  quo  genere,  a  kind  of  force  which,  is  governed  by  uti,  which 
depends  on  consugrunt,  for  consueverunt,  from  consuesco.  333. 

24  relTquis  copTis  subsecuti,  having  followed  with  the  rest  of  their 
troops;  the  active  participle,  because  subsequi  is  a  Deponent  Yerb. 
—  nostros  navibus  egredi  prohibebant,  endeavored  to  prevent  our 
men  from  disembarking;  after  verbs  of  hindering,  quominus  w.  the 
Subjunct.  is  generally  used.  764]  but  prohibeo  is  frequently  followed 
by  the  Inf. 

26  in  alto,  in  deep  water. 

27  militibus  is  to  be  taken  with  desiliendum,  consistendum,  pug- 
nandum  erat,  the  soldiers  had  to  leap,  to  maintain  their  position, 
and  to  fight;  the  Dative  with  the  Gerund  or  (Jerundive  to  denote  the 
person  on  whom  the  necessity  rests.  596.  — •  ignotis  locis,  in  places 
unknown  to  them;  Abl.  to  denote  the  place  where.  —  impeditis 
manibus,  loith  their  hands  engaged. 

28  gravi  armorum  onere  oppressis,  is  in  apposition  to  militibus. 

30  ex  arido,  from  dry  ground. 

31  omnibus  membris  expediti,  having  the  free  use  of  all  their 
limbs;  omnibus  membris  is  the  Abl.  of  Limitation.  6O8.  —  notissimis 
locis,  in  places  which  they  knew  perfectly;  opposed  to  ignotis  locis. 


—    96    — 

Page 

30.  32  equos  insuefactos,  the  horses  trained  to  it. 

33  hujus  generis  puguae  imperiti,  unskilled  in  this  kind  oj 
battle;  pugnae  depends  on  generis,  and  hujus  generis  on  imperiti. 

567.   1. 

31.  1  non   eadem  alacritate  et  studio  utebantur,  did   not  show  the 
same  alacrity  and  zeal;  Abl.  depending  on  utebantur.    626. 

3  animum  advertit,  usually  in  one  word,  animadvertit;  the  Perf. 
Indie,  is  governed  by  ubi,  as  soon  as.  —  naves  longas  is  Subject.  Ace. 
to  removed,  incitari,  constitui;  and  hostes  to  propelli  and  submoveri; 
all  these  Passive  Infinitives  depend  on  jussit. 

6  ad  latus  apertum  hostlum  constitui  jussit,  ordered  them  to  he 
stationed  on  the  unprotected  flank  of  the  enemy, 

8  niagno  usui  nostris  fuit;  both  usui  and  nostris  are  governed  by 
fuit;  with  the  verb  esse,  besides  the  Dative  of  the  p(^rso?2,  another  is 
used  to  denote  the  purpose^  intention,  &c.  595.  —  navlum  figura, 
remorum  motu,  &c.  permoti;  the  moving  cause  is  often  expressed 
by  a  participle,  as,  permOtus,  influenced,  induced,  with  the  Abl. 

12  qui  decimae  legionis  aquilam  ferebat,  the  eagle-bearer  of  the 
tenth  legion. 

13  ut  ea  res  legioni  felictter  evenlret,  that  this  undertaking  might 
turn  out  successfully  for  the  legion;  clause  of  purj)Ose  with  ut. 

15  meum  officium  praestitero,  /  will  promptly  discharge  my 
duty;  the  Porf.  Fut.  is  here  used  to  denote  the  speedy  completion  of 
an  act. 

17  cohortati  inter  se,  having  exhorted  each  other,  i.  e.,  under 
mutual  exhortations.  —  ne  tantum  dedecus  admitteretur;  ne  (in  a 
negative  sense)  is  used  with  the  Subjunct.  after  verbs  of  exhorting. 

18  hos  item  ex  proximis  navibus  cum  conspexissent;  supply  mi- 
lites  as  subject. 

11.    On  the  hahits  of  the  Germans. 

22  multum  a  consuetudine  Gallorum  differunt,  differ  widely  from 
the  custom  of  the  Gauls;  verbs  compounded  with  dis  nearly  always 
take  a  or  ab  with  the  Abl.  62i. 

23  druides,  the  ministers  of  religion  among  the  Gauls  and  Britons 
—  qui  rebus  divinis  praesint;  qui  w.  the  Subjunctive  to  denote  the 
purpose,  for  ut  ii,  to  preside  over  the  religious  rites. 


—    97    — 

Page 

24  sacriflciis  studSre,  to  pay  much  attention  to  sacrifices.  31. 

26  reliquos  ne  fama  quidem  accepSrunt,  of  the  rest  they  did  not 
even  know  by  hearsay. 

27  in  studiis  rei  militaris,  in  military  pursuits. 

30  in  annos  singiilos,  for  one  year  at  a  time;  time  for  how  long 
is  expressed  by  tlie  Aco.  w.  in.  677. 

31  gentibus  cognationibusque,  to  the  tribes  and  families.  —  qui 
una  coierint,  who  should  have  united;  or  such  as  had  united]  Fut. 
Perf. 

32  quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est,  as  much  land  and  where  they 
see  fit. 

1  alio,  to  a  different  quainter.  —  ejus  rei  multas  causas  afferunt,  32. 
they  advance  many  reasons  for  this  practice.  —  ne  adsidua  consue- 
tudine  capti,  studium  belli  gerendi  agricultura  commiitent,  that  they 
'might  not,  enslaved  by  long  continued  custom,  divert  their  atten- 
tion from  war  to  agriculture;  this  and  the  following  clauses  oi  pur- 
pose refer  to  transTre  cogunt. 

3  latos  fines  parare,  to  acquire  extensive  possessions. 

4  possessionibus  expellant,  drive  from  their  property;  after 
verbs  of  removing  the  Abl.  of  Separation  is  used,  with  or  without  a 
preposition.  620.  —  accuratius,  with  greater  care.  —  ad  frigora 
atque  aestus  vitandos;  ad  with  the  Gerundive  expressing  purpose, 
instead  of  ut  w.  the  Subjunct.  —  vitandos  agrees  with  aestus,  and  is  to 
be  understood  to  frigora. 

6  nequa  oriatur  pecuniae  cupiditas;  qua  for  aliqua;  indefinite 
pronoun  after  ne.  75«.  —  pecuniae  cupiditas  is  the  Object  Gen.,  greedi- 
ness for  money,   see.  2. 

7  aequitate  animi  plebem  continSant,  that  they  might  control  the 
mass  by  evenness  of  temper,  i.  e.,  by  contentedness.  —  cum  quisque 
vidgat,  since  every  one  saw;  causal  cum  takes  the  Subjunct.  786.  — 
cum  potentissimis  for  cum  opibus  potentissimOrum,  with  those  of 
the  mightiest. 

9  quam  latissimas  solitudines,  deserts  as  extensive  as  possible. 

10  vastatis  finibus,  by  the  desolation  of  their  frontiers.  —  pro- 
prium  virtutis,  a  proof  of  valor. 

11  expulsos  agris  finitimos  cedere,  neque  quemquam  prope 
audere  consistgre,  that,  or  when  the  neighbors,  being  driven  from 
their  estates^  retire,  and  nobody  dares  to  stay  near  them. 


—    98    — 

Page 

32.       12  hoc,  thereby. 

13  repentinae  incursionis  timore  sublato,  tlie  fear  of  a  sudden  in- 
cursion being  taken  away.  —  cum  bellum  civitas  illatum  defendit, 
when  a  state  repels  a  war  that  has  been  waged  upon  it. 

u  qui  ei  bello  praesint;  the  Subjunctive  clause  denoting  the  pur- 
pose^ the  relative  being  equivalent  to  ut  hi.    792.  i. 

15  ut  vitae  necisque  potestatem  habeant,  so  that  they  have  power 
of  life  and  death,  is  a  clause  of  result.  —  in  pace,  in  time  of 
peace,  gis. 

17  inter  sues,  among  their  followers. 

18  latrocinia,  quae  fiunt,  robbcjHes  which  are  committed. 

19  juventutis  exercendae  ac  desidiae  minuendae  causa,  for  the 
sake  of  exercising  youth  and  diminishing  idleness;  the  Gen.  ot  the 
Gerund  or  Gerundive  with  causa  is  a  very  common  way  of  expressing 
design.  843. 

20  ubi  quis  ex  principibus  dixit,  as  soon  as  some  one  of  the 
leaders  said;  ubi  takes  the  Perf.  Ind.  737.  ii.  —  ubi,  being  a  relative 
particle  must  be  followed  by  quis.  —  ex  principibus;  the  preposition 
ex  is  used  instead  of  the  Part.  Gen. 

21  qui  sequi  velint,  profiteantur,  and  that  those  who  wish  to  follow 
him  may  give  in  their  names;  Subjunct.  in  oratio  obliqua. 

22  causam,  the  enterprise. 

25  omniumque  iis  rerum  postSa  fides  derogatur,  and  all  credit  in 
every  thing  is  after  this  loithheld  from  them;  verbs  of  taking  away 
are  followed  by  the  Dat.,  to  be  translated  hy  from. 

26  qui  quaque  de  causa,  all  persons  who  on  any  account  what- 
ever. —  veneriut,  Fut.  Perfect. 


—    99    — 


M.  TULLIUS  CICEEO. 

M.  Tullins  Cicero  was  born  in  the  year  of  Rome  647,  or  about  105 
years  before  Christ.  His  father  who  was  of  the  equestrian  order 
took  great  care  of  his  education  which  was  directed  particularly  witli 
a  view  to  the  bar.  In  Greece  he  attended  the  Athenian  orators  and 
philosophers,  and  improved  greatly  both  in  eloquence  and  knowl- 
edge. From  Athens  Tully  passed  into  Asia  and  after  an  excursion 
of  two  years  returned  to  Italy.  In  his  forty-third  year  Cicero  was 
proclaimed  consul.  For  his  services  in  suppressing  the  conspiracy 
which  had  been  formed  by  Catiline  he  was  honored  with  the  title  of 
Pater  Patriae  or  Father  of  his  Country.  Cicero's  death  happened 
on  the  Yth  of  December,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age,  about 
ten  days  after  the  first  triumvirate.  Tho  extracts  here  given  are 
from  Cicero's  philosophical  writings. 


IS.    Solon. 

5  scripserit;  the  Subjunctive  in  a  relative  clause  depending  on  an  33. 

Ace.  W.  Inf.    826. 

6  quod,  .simulaverit;  as  a  rule,  quod  takes  the  Indie,  but  the  Sub- 
junctive is  used  to  express  the  thought  of  some  other  person.  783.  — 
quo  tutior  esset  et  prodesset;  quo  is  a  favorite  final  conjunction  with 
Comparatives.   763. 

8  cur.  .constituisset;  Subjunct.  in  indirect  question.  8oi.  —  qui 
necasset;  the  Subjunctive  in  a  clause  depending  upon  an  Ace.  w. 

Inf.    826. 

10  sapienter  fecisse  dicTtur,  they  say  he  acted  sensibly;  Norn.  w. 
Inf.  821. 

11  cum  nihil  sanxgrit;  cum,  whereas,  since,  takes  the  Subjunct.  786. 
—  cum  de  eo  nihil  sanxerit,  quod  antea  commissum  non  erat,  7iot  hav- 
ing enacted  a  law  against  a  crime  which  had  not  been  committed 
heretofore,  —  ne  non  tam  prohibere  quam  admonere  videretur,  lest  it 
should  seem  he  had  not  so  much  forbidden  as  called  attention  to  it; 


-^    100   — 

Pag© 

33.  any  verb  used  as,  a  verb  of  willing  or  demanding  may  have  the 
construction  with  ut  or  ne  denoting  a  purpose.  158. 

u  si  qui;  qui,  after  si,  is  an  Indefinite  Pronoun  =  aliquis.  762. 

15  honestum  illud  Solonis  est,  that  is  an  excellent  thing  of  Solon. 

16  multa  in  dies  addiscentem,  while  learning  much  every  day. — 
qua  voluptate  animi  nulla  potest  esse  major,  a  pleasure  of  the  mind 
than  which  there  can  be  certainly  none  greater;  the  AM.  instead 
of  quam  with  the  same  case  as  the  thing  compared  must  be  regularly 
used  in  the  Relative  Clause.   6io. 

17  prudentibus  et  bene  institutis;  the  Dat.  of  the  indirect  object, 
in  sensible  and  well-educated  men. 

20  hoc  illud  est,  quod  Pisistrato  a  Solone  responsum  est,  this  is 
the  well-known  answer  Pisistratus  got  from  Solon. 

22  cum  illi  quaerenti  qua  tandem  spe  fretus  sibi  tam  audaciter 
obsisteret,  respondisse  traditur:  senectute;  who  as  we  are  told, 
upon  the  former  inquiring  on  what  hope  now  he  (Solon)  relied 
to  oppose  him  so  boldly,  replied  ^^on  old  age".  —  illi  quaerenti,  viz.: 
Pisistrato,  depends  on  respondisse.  —  qua  spe  fretus;  fretus  takes 
the  Abl.  635. 

23  obsisteret;  the  Subjunct.  in  an  indirect  question.  —  respondisse 
traditur,  Norn.  w.  Inf.,  he  is  said  to  have  replied,  or,  replied,  as  we  are 
told;  sometimes  it  is  well  to  insert  the  verb  of  saying  in  a  paren- 
thetical clause. 

24  quo  se  negat  velle,  kc,  in  which  he  says  that  he  does  not 
wish;  the  verb  negare  is  often  conveniently  translated  to  say  that 
not. 

25  dolOre  et  lamentis  vacare;  vacare,  to  be  void  of,  takes  the 
Abl.    622;  the  same  as  carere,  to  be  without,  in  the  following  line. 

26  Hexameter.     Mors  mea  ne  careat  f  lacrimis;  linquamus  amicis. 

Pentameter.  Maerorem,  ut  celebrent  funera  cum  gemitu. 
This  is  an  Elegiac  Distich  (oio),  consisting  of  a  Hexameter  fol- 
lowed by  a  Pentameter.  In  reading,  the  final  syllable  of  maero- 
rem  is  suppressed  by  Elision.  887.  —  ne  careat,  linquamus,  let  not 
be  without,  let  us  leave;  the  Subjunct.  is  used  to  express  an  exhor- 
tation or  command;  Imperative  Subjunct.   752. 

27  ut  cel6brent,  clause  of  result;  so  that  they  may  celebrate. 


—     101     - 

Page 

13.    Leonidas.  34. 

2  mortes  imperatoriae,  the  death  of  generals;  in  Latin  the  plural 
of  abstract  nouns  occurs  more  frequently  than  in  English ;  so  mortes, 
because  there  were  several  generals.  694. 

6  animo  forti,  with  good  cheer;  Abl.  of  Manner. 

7  alacri  magnoque  animo,  with  actlvd.  hnfV-Jofty  courage;  Ahl.  of 
ManDer.  ...'..    :  .        •.'  . 

8  in  quos  Simonides,  supply  a%in  ivho,^e  hp'riot'SmpT^f^^is/aftys. 

j_     ijM^  1 1      *^  !  -      ;^  [ -i  v^l  i.  vj  u  I Z  u 

9  Hexameter.    Die,  hospes,  Spartae  f  nos  te  vidisse  jacentes. 

1      b^l  _    \j  Kj\L  \\L  yj  \j  \  L\j   yj  \  - 
Pentameter.    Dum  Sanctis  patriae  legibus  obsequimur. 
This  is  another  Elegiac  Distich,  the  epitaph  of  the  three  hundred 
brave  Spartans  who  defended  the  Straits  of  Thermopylae.  —  nos  te 
vidisse  jacentes;  nos  is  Object  Ace.  and  te  Subject  Ace;  the  context 
shows  which  is  the  real  subject. 

13  prae  multitudine,  on  account  of  the  multitude;  prae  is  fre- 
quently used  in  the  sense  of  on  account  of  implying  an  obstacle.  662. 

15  qualis  tandem  Lacaena  ?  ^vhat  of  that  Sjpartan  woman  ? 

17  ut  esset  qui  non  dubitaret,  that  there  should  he  some  one  who 
would  not  hesitate;  non  dubito,  /  do  not  doubt,  taiies  quin;  766; 
with  the  Inf.  it  means:  I  do  not  hesitate. 

14'    ThemistoGles, 

21  beUi  quod  cum  Persis  fuit,  of  the  Persian  ivar. 

22  consilium  rei  publicae  salutare,  a  plan  which  would  be  service- 
able to  the  state. 

23  sed  id  sciri  non  opus  esse,  but  it  was  necessary  that  it  should 
not  be  made  public.  —  postulavit  ut  popiilus  aliquem  daret,  lie  de- 
manded that  the  people  should  appoint  a  person;  verbs  of  demand- 
ing take  ut. 

24  quocum  communicaret,  to  whom  he  might  communicate  it; 
quocum  is  for  ut  cum  eo;  accordingly,  the  verb  is  in  the  Subjunct. 
792. 1.  —  huic  ille,  supply  dixit. 

25  quae  subducta  esset,  which  was  hauled  ashore  =  which  had 
gone  into  harbor;  the  Subjunct.  in  oratio  obllqua. 

26  quo  facto  frangi  Lacedaemoniorum  opes  necesse  esset,  and 
thus  the  power  of  the  Lacedaemonians  must  of  necessity  be  broken; 


—    102    — 

Page 

34.  quo  facto  is  Abl.  Abs.,  this  being  clone  =  thus;  the  Subjunctive  esset 
in  oratio  obliqua. 

27  quod  cum  audisset,  having  heard  this;  the  relative  pronoun  is 
to  be  translated  by  a  demonstrative. 

28  magna  exspectatione^  amid  the  great  expectation  of  all;  it  is 
properly  Abl.  Abs.  ., 

29  adfer.retj  the  Snbjunot.  in  or-atio  obliqua. 

36 'quod  hon^AuLi'ri&Ti.  esset, 'which  was  not  honoralUe;  the  Sub- 
junctive is  used  to  express  the  opinion  of  Aristides. 

32  auctore  Aristlde,  Abl.  Abs.,  but  it  may  be  rendered,  upon  the 
authority  of  A  r  ist  ides. 

35.  1  fertur,  dicitur,  is  said;  Norn.  w.  Inf.  82i.  —  incredibili  quadam 
magnitudlne  consilii  atque  ingenii,  a  man  of  an  almost  incredible 
amount  of  prudence  and  capacity;  Abl.  of  Quality.  6is. 

2  ad  quem  =  et  ad  eum. 

5  se  ei  traditurum  (esse),  that  he  would  teach  him. 

6  dixisse  ilium  doctOrem;  the  author  here  departs  from  the  former 
construction  of  the  Norn.  w.  Inf.  and  uses  the  Ace.  w.  Inf. ;  of  course  we 
must  supply  dicitur,  it  is  said;  it  will  greatly  simplify  the  rendering 
of  a  passage  like  this,  to  drop  the  form  of  indirect  discourse,  in- 
serting the  Yorh  of  saying  in  a  parenthetical  clause:  as  they  say  — 
a  certain  learned  man  came  to  him,  &c. 

7  gratius  sibi  ilium  esse  facturum,  he  would  do  him  a  greater 
favor. 

8  si  se  oblivisci  quam  meminisse  docuisset,  if  he  could  teach  him 
to  forget  rather  than  to  remember. 

10  quod  somnum  capere  non  posset,  because  (as  he  said)  he  could 
not  find  sleep;  quod  takes  the  Subjunct.  in  oratio  obliqua. 

14  non  sua  sed  patriae  gloria,  not  by  his  own  but  by  his  coun- 
try's glory;  Instrumental  Abl. 

15  si  ego  Seriphius  essem  &c.;  the  condition  is  contrary  to  fact. 

788.  III. 

18  collocaret;  the  Subjunct.  in  indirect  question. 

19  qui  pecunia  eggatj  who  has  no  money  =  without  money;  egeo, 
takes  the  Abl.  622, 


—    103    — 

Page 

15.    Alexander  the  Great.  35. 

21  qua  nocte  . . .  eadem,  for  eadem  nocte  qua;  the  Antecedent 
incorporated  into  the  relative  clause.  719 ,  begin  with  constat,  it 
is  well  known. 

22  ex  Olympiade  natum;  Participles  of  MrtJi  take  the  Abl.  with  or 
without  ex.  604.  —  atque  ubi  lucSre  coepisset;  ubi  originally  takes 
the  Indicative,  but  here  the  Subjunct.  is  used  because  it  depends  on 
an  Inf.;  Attraction  of  Mood.  826. 

25  quod  Diana  . . .  abfuisset   domo;   Subjunct.    by   Attraction  of 

Mood.   826. 

30  qui  tuae  virtutis  Homerum  praeconem  inveneris,  to  have  found 
a  proclaimer  of  your  valor  in  Homer;  when  qui  =  cum  is,  the 
Subjunct.  is  employed.  792. 11. 

31  nisi  exstitisset;the  condition  is  represented  as  contrary  to  fact. 

788.  III. 

2  eoque  vulnere.  .moreretur,  came  near  dying  from  this  wound.  36. 

3  adsidens,  sitting  up  with  him.  —  secundum  quigtem,  while 
asleep,  in  a  dream. 

i  visus  ei  dicitur  draco  radiculam  ore  ferre  et  dicere,  as  they  say, 
the  dragon  appeared  to  him  carrying  a  little  root  in  its  mouth,  and 
telling  him;  Norn.  w.  Inf. ;  the  verb  of  saying  is  best  rendered  in  a 
parenthetical  clause. 

6  quo  ilia  loco  nascergtur,  where  it  grew. 

6  ejus  autem  vim  esse  tantam;  this  Ace.  w.  Inf.  depends  on  dicere. 

7  ut. .  sanaret;  clause  of  result  after  tantam.  759. 

8  emisisse;  translate  this  Infinitive  depending  upon  dicitur  (which 
must  of  course  be  understood)  by  the  Indicative.  —  qui  quaererent, 
to  seek;  the  subjunctive  clause  denoting  the  purpose;  qui  =  ut  ii. 

9  Ptolemaeus  sanatus  dicitur;  the  predicate  sanatus  dicitur  agrees 
with  Ptolemaeus,  and  is  understood  to  multi  milites. 

11  quiddam  praesentiens  atque  divmans,  some  touch  of  presage 
and  divination. 

13  in  radicibus  Caucasi,  at  the  foot  of  the  Causasus. 

u  quo.  .combureretur,  for  ut  eo  comburergtur;  the  Relative  with 
the  Subjunct.  to  denote  the  purpose. 

15  0  praeclarum  discessum;  the  Ace  is  used  in  exclamations.  68S. 


—    104    — 
Page 

36.  17  cumque  eum  rogaret,  si  quid  vellet,  ut  dic6ret,  and  when  he 
asked  him^  if 'he  wanted  to  say  anything,  to  do  so;  rogare  takes 
ut.  758, 

16.  Dionysius,  Tyrant  of  Syracuse. 
24  qua  pulchritudine  urbem,  quibus  autem  opibus  praeditam  servi- 
ttite  oppressam  tenuit  civitatem,  of  what  beauty  was  the  city  pos- 
sessed, and  moreover,  how  rich  was  the  state  which  he  held 
oppressed  in  slavery!  pulchritudine  and  opibus  depend  on  praedi- 
tam (623),  wliich  belongs  to  both  urbem  and  civitatem. 

26  sic  scriptum  accepimus,  we  have  so  received  it  in  writing^ 
i.  e.,  we  are  so  informed. 

28  eundem  tamen,  yet  at  the  same  time;  idem  equivalent  to  an 
adverbial  expression.  7i7.  —  uatura,  from  his  natural  disposition; 
Abl.  of  Limitation. 

•29  ex  quo,  from  this,  for  this  reason.  —  omnibus  bene  veritatem 
intuentibus,  to  all  who  look  well  into  truth. 

30  videri  necesse  est  miserriraum,  he  must  of  necessity  appear  to 
he  very  wretched.  —  ea  quae,  those  things  which. 

31  ne  turn  quidem,  cum  omnia  se  posse  censGbat,  not  even  at  the 
time  when  he  believed  he  could  do  anything  =  when  he  con- 
sidered himself  all-powerful. 

37.  1  cum,  though,  concessive  conjunction  with  Subjunct.  769.  —  ho- 
nesto  loco  natus,  sprung  from  a  decent  family;  Participles  of  birth 
may  take  the  Abl.  with  or  without  the  preposition  e,  ex. 

2  alius  alio  modo,  one  in  one  way,  and  the  other  in  another; 
alius  is  used  in  a  peculiar  way  with  other  cases  of  itself,  where  we 
use  two  sentences,  with  one  and  another.  729.  —  abundaret  aequa- 
lium  famiharitatibus  et  conusetudine  propinquorum,  he  had  extensive 
and  intimate  acquaintance  with  his  equals  and  ample  social  inter- 
course with  his  relatives;  abundare,  takes  the  Abl.  622. 

i  ex  familiis,  from  the  households;  familia,  the  slaves  in  a 
household  fnot  =  family,  \.  e.,  wife  and  children). 

5  quibus  . .  detraxerat,  from  whom  he  had  taken  away;  quibus  is 
the  Dat.  of  the  Indirect  Object  to  be  rendered  hy  from. 

7  propter  injustam  dominatus  cupiditatem,  in  consequence  of  his 
iniquitous  greed  of  power. 

10  sordido  atque  ancillari  artificio,  Abl.  of  Manner;  by  the  mean 
service  of  a  handmaid. 


—    105    — 

Page 

11  ab  eis  ipsis  ferrum  remOvit,  and  even  from  them  he  removed  37. 
the  iron,  i.  e.,  the  razor;  verbs  of  removing  require  the  Abl.;  with 
persons  the  preposition  a,  ab  must  be  used.  620. 

12  instituit  ut,  he  ordered  that. 

13  candentibus  juglandium  putaminlbus,  Instnim.  Abl. 

17  cum  fossam  latam  cubiculari  lecto  circumdedisset,  having  sur. 
rounded  his  resting  place  with  a  broad  ditch;  circumdare,  takes  a 
Dative  with  an  Ace,  or  an  Ace.  with  an  Abl.  593. 

26  quia  demonstravisset.  .quia  approbavisset;  quia,  because,  of 
itself  is  followed  by  the  Indicative;  here  the  Subjunct.  is  used  in 
oratio  obliqua.  —  viam  interimendi  sui,  the  way  to  kill  him. 

28  eo  facto  sic  doliut,  he  was  so  sorry  for  his  deed;  dolere  takes 
the  Causal  Abl.  604.  —  nihil  ut  tulerit  gravius  in  vita,  that  nothing 
lay  harder  upon  him  during  his  whole  life;  clause  of  result  after 

sic  ut.    759. 

29  quem,  supply  eum. 

30  impotentium  cupiditates,  the  passions  of  those  who  are  not 
masters  of  themselves. 

31  quamquam,  notwithstanding.  —  quam  beatus  esset;  the  Sub- 
junct. in  indirect  question. 

32  quidam  ex  ejus  adsentatoribus,  one  of  his  flatterers;  the  pre- 
position ex  in  a  partitive  sense. 

2  negaretque  unquam  beatiOrem  quemquam  fuisse,  and  said  that  38. 
tliere  had  never  been  any  luckier  person;  negare,  to  say  that  not. 

5  in  aureo  lecto  strato  pulcherrimo  textili  stragulo  magnificis 
operibus  picto,  on  a  golden  couch  spread  with  a  very  fine  textile 
fabric  magnificently  embroidered;  strato  belongs  to  lecto;  pul- 
cherrimo textili  is  Instrumental  Abl.  depending  on  strato;  again,  picto 
belongs  to  stragulo,  and  magnificis  operibus  is  the  Abl.  of  Means  or 
Instrument  depending  on  picto. 

8  eximia  forma  pueros,  slaves  of  great  beauty;  Abl.  of  Quality. 

9  nutum  illlus  intuentes  diligenter  ministrare,  awaiting  his  beck 
to  attend  upon  him  carefully.  —  aderant,  there  were  also. 

13  saeta  equina  aptum,  fastened  with  a  horse-hair;  aptus  is  the 
Participle  of  apo,  -ere,  to  fasten. 

u  ut  impenderet,  clause  of  result,  so  that  it  hung  over. 

15  plenum  artis  argentum,  silver  plate  richly  wrought  (lit.  full  of 
art) ;  plenus  takes  the  Gen.  567. 


—    106    — 

Page 

38.  18  quod  jam  beatus  nollet  esse,  because^  as  he  said,  he  did  not 
want  any  longer  to  be  happy;  quod  takes  the  Subjunct.  to  express 
the  intention  of  Damocles;  jam  with  the  negation  in  nollet  is  equiva- 
lent to  no  longer. 

19  cui  semper  aliqui  terror  impendeat;  the  Subjunct.  in  a  clause 
dependent  on  the  Inf.  esse.  826. 

21  Damonem  et  Phintiam  ferunt  hoc  ammo  fuisse  ut,  as  they  say, 
Damon  and  Phintias  entertained  such  sentiments  towards  each 
other  that;  hoc  animo  is  Abl.  of  Quality. 

24  coramendandorum  suorum  causa,  for  the  sake  of  commending 
his  family.  —  vas  factus  sit  alter  ejus  sistendi,  depends  on  ut,  that 
the  one  became  bail  for  the  appearance  of  the  other  in  court;  Clause 
of  result.  —  vas  ejus  sistendi,  bail  for  his  appearing  in  court. 

25  ut,  si  ille  non  revertisset,  moriendum  esset  ipsi,  that  if  the 
former  had  not  returned,  the  latter  should  die  himself;  the  Sub- 
junctives of  the  Imperf.  and  Pluperf.  are  required  by  the  Sequence 
of  Tenses. 

26  ad  diem,  on  the  appointed  day;  ad  is  used  to  denote  a  fixed 
time.   629. 

27  tyrannus  petlvit  ut;  verbs  of  demanding  take  ut.  758.  —  se 
refers  to  tyrannus. 

30  secundissirao  vento,  with  a  very  favorable  wind. 

31  quam  bona  navigatlo.  .detur,  what  a  fine  voyage  is  given;  Sub- 
junct. in  indirect  question. 

33  homo  acutus,  the  sharp  fellow.  —  bene  plan5que  percepisset, 
had  learned  this  full  well. 

39.  3  grandi  pondere,  of  great  weight;  Abl.  of  Quality. 

5  aestate  grave  esse,  <fec.,  depends  on  cavillatus  est,  which  implies 
dicens. 

6  eique  laneum  pallium  injecit,  and  put  on  him  a  woollen  cloak; 
injicere,  takes  the  Dat.  592.  —  cum  id  esse  aptum  ad  omne  anni 
tempus  diceret,  because,  as  he  said,  this  was  suitable  to  every 
season. 

8  neque  enim  convenire  barbatum  esse  filTum,  &c.,  depending  on 
an  implied  dicens,  for  it  was  also  not  becoming  in  a  son  to  have  a 
beard. 

11  in  quibus  quod,  for  et  quod  in  iis;  the  Relative  instead  of  the 


—    107    — 

Page 

Demonstrative  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence;  in  quibus  quod  in-  39. 
scriptum  esset:  Bonorum  Deorum,  and  because  there  was  an  in- 
scription on  them,  or,  because  they  bore  the  inscription  ^^Of  the  good 
gods'';  inscribere,  takes  in  w.  the  Abl.   689.  —  inscriptum  esset,  Im- 
pers.  Pass.  423;  the  Subjunctive  is  used  in  oratio  obliqua. 

13  quae  simulacrorum  porrectis  manibus  sustinebantur,  which 
were  held  up  in  the  outstretched  hands  of  the  images. 

15  esse  enim  stultitiam,  a  quibus  bona  precaremur,  ab  eis  porri- 
gentibus  et  dantibus  nolle  sumere,  that  it  was  a  folly  not  to  take 
willingly  blessings  from  those  whom  toe  supplicate,  when  they 
present  and  give  them;  this  is  a  common  Latin  construction,  the  re- 
lative clause  standing  first;  in  English  this  is  unusual;  precaremur 
is  in  the  Subjunct.  being  dependent  on  the  Inf.  esse. 

16  porrigentibus  et  dantibus;  the  Participles  may  be  translated 
when  they  offer  and  give  them. 

17  eumdem,  likewise;  idem  is  here  equivalent  to  an  adverb.  717. 
—  haec  quae  dixi  sublata  de  fanis,  the  above-mentioned  objects 
which  he  had  taken  from  the  temples. 

19  exactaque  pecunia,  having  exacted  the  money.  —  edixisse  ut; 
verbs  of  ordering  take  ut.  758.  —  ut  quod  quisque  a  sacris  haberet, 
id  ante  diem  certam  in  suum  quidque  fanum  referret,  that  before  a 
certain  day,  each  one  should  bring  back  what  he  possessed  of  the 
sacred  objects,  each  one  to  its  own  temple.  —  quod  quisque  a  sacris; 
sometimes  a,  ab  w.  the  Abl.  is  used  instead  of  a  Genitive. 

21  ad  impietatem  in  deos  in  homines  adjunxit  injuriam,  he  added 
to  impiety  towards  the  gods  injustice  towards  men;  words  of  kindred 
meaning  are  put  side  by  side  for  the  sake  of  emphasis,  here  in  deos 
in  homines. 

17.    Socrates. 

23  de  Socrate  acceplmus,  ive  have  heard  of  Socrates. 

24  divinum  quiddam  (quod  daemonium  appellat),  a  divine  some- 
thing (which  he  called  demon). 

25  cui  semper  ipse  paruerit,  which  he  himself  always  obeyed;  the 
Subjunct.  in  a  clause  depending  upon  an  Ace.  w.  Inf.  —  numquam  im- 
pellenti,  saepe  revocanti;  closely  related  to  cui,  which  however 
never  impelled  but  often  restrained  him. 

26  quo  quem  auctorem  meliorem  quaerimus  ?  The  Abl.  of  Com- 
parison must  be  regularly  used  in  relative  sentences.  6io;  and  what 
better  author  are  we  looking  for  than  he? 


—    108    — 
Pag© 

39.  27  Xenophonti  consulenti  depends  on  ait.  —  sequereturne,  whether 
he  should  follow;  Subjunct.  in  indirect  question. 

28  quae  sibi  videbantur,  what  seemed  proj^er  to  himself.  —  et 
nostrum  quidem  consilium  humanum  est,  and  our  understanding 
is  indeed  human. 

30  ad  Apollmem  cens6o  referendum,  /  believe  we  should  refer  to 
Apollo. 

31  de  majoribus  rebus,  about  more  important  affairs. 

32  scriptum  est,  Impers.  Pass.,  it  has  been  communicated. 

40.  1  oculum  adiigatum  vidisset,  (when)  he  had  seen  his  eye  bound 
up.  —  quid  esset,  what  was  the  matter;  Subjunct.  in  indirect  question. 

2  ambulanti  ramiilum  adductum,  ut  remissus  esset  in  oculum 
suum  recidisse,  that  to  him  while  walking  a  strained  twig,  when  it 
was  slackened,  had  recoiled  into  his  eye. 

3  turn  Socrates,  sc.  ait. 

4  cum  utfirer  qua  sol6o  praesagitione  divina,  when  I  availed 
myself,  as  usual,  of  the  divine  presentiment. 

5  cum  apud  Delium  male  pugnatum  esset,  Impors.  Pass.,  when  they 
had  calamitously  fought  at  Delium  ==  after  the  defeat  at  Delium. 

1  ut  ventum  est  in  trivium,  when  they  had  come  to  a  cross  road. 
—  eadem  qua  ceteri  (supply  via),  by  the  same  road  as  the  rest;  the 
way  by  which  is  in  the  Abl.  688. 

8  quibus  quaerentibus,  when  they  asked  him. 

12  vult,  is  of  opinion. 

13  pusionem  quemdam  Socrates  interrSgat  quaedam,  Socrates 
asks  an  urchin  sundry  questions;  interrogare  takes  two  Ace.   58i. 

16  e5dem  perveniat  quo  (supply  perveniret)  si  geometrica  didi- 
cisset,  he  reaches  the  same  point  which  he  would  reach,  had  he 
studied  geometry;  the  condition  is  contrary  to  fact,  accordingly  si 
with  the  Imperf.  or  Pluperf.  Subjunct.  is  employed.  788.  iii.  —  ex  quo 
eflfici  vult  Socrates,  whence  Socrates  means  it  to  be  understood 
that  &c. 

18  cum  ex  eo  esset  quaesitum  nonne,  wJien  he  was  asked 
whether. 

21  ain  tu  ?  =  aisne  tu  ?  do  you  really  mean  so  ?  —  an,  or;  some- 
times the  first  part .  of  an  alternative  question  is  omitted,  and  a^u 
alone  asks  a  question.  798. 


—    109    — 

Page 

23  beatusne  sit,  whether  he  is  happy;  Subjunct.  in  indirect  question.  40. 
—  an  ego  possim,  how  could  I;  Potential  Subjunct.  750. 

24  cum  ignorem  quam  sit  doctus,  quara  vir  bonus,  since  I  do  not 
know  in  how  far  he  is  a  learned  and  good  man. 

25  quid  ?  tu  in  eo  sitam  vitam  beatam  putas  ?  why  ?  do  you  think 
a  happy  life  depends  upon  this? 

26  bonos  beatos,  improbos  miseros,  sc.  esse. 

32  quam  si  ei  videretur  edisceret,  to  learn  it  by  heart,  if  it  seemed 
good  to  him;  quam  edisceret,  ttie  Subjunct.  after  the  relative  to  de- 
note purpose;  quam  for  ut  eam.  792.  i.  —  pro  se,  in  his  behalf. 

33  non  invltus,  not  unwillingly,  i.  e.,  cheerfully.  In  Latin  as  in 
English  an  assertion  is  sometimes  made  by  denying  the  opposite, 
and  the  double  negative  is  often  stronger  than  the  opposite  po- 
sitive. 

2  quia  non  essent;  the  Subjunct.  in  oratio  obliqua.  41. 

5  quibus  tantum  statuebant  judices,  damnarent  an  absolverent, 
whereby  the  judges  only  decided  whether  they  would  condemn  or 
acquit. 

7  legibus,  according  to  the  laws;  Abl.  of  Limitation.  608.  —  ferre 
(sententiam),  to  give  a  vote.  —  erat  reo  damnato  quasi  poenae 
aestimatio,  a  condemned  culprit  had,  to  some  extent,  a  naming  of 
his  own  punishment 

8  et  sententia  cum  judicibus  darStur,  when  it  came  to  the  jury 
to  pass  sentence;  ht.  when  the  sentence  was  given  to  the  jury. 

9  interrogabatur  reus  quam  quasi  aestimationem  commeruisse  se 
maxime  conflteretur,  the  defendant  was  asked  what  punishment  he 
would  confess  he  had  properly  deserved. 

13  qui  honos  apud  Graecos  maximus  habetur,  an  honor  which  is 
considered  the  highest  among  the  Greeks. 

15  capitis  condemnarent;  verbs  of  condemning  with  the  Ace.  of 
the  person  take  the  G-en.  of  the  punishment.  570. 

16  apud  Platonem;  apud  with  the  name  of  an  author  means  in 
the  writings  of  in.  630.  —  Socrates  est  dicens,  Socrates  is  intro- 
duced saying. 

19  Homericum  quemdam  ejusmodi  versum,  some  such  verse  of 
Homer. 

21  Hexameter.    Tertia  te   Phthiae    tempestas  laeta  locabit;    the 


—  no  — 

Page 

41.  third  happy  day  will  bring  you  to  Phthia;  Phthia  was  the  birth- 
place of  Achilles;  the  meaning  of  the  verse  is,  just  as  Achilles  there- 
in says  ^^that  in  three  days  he  will  he  home  in  Phthia^  so  you  will 
he  home  in  three  days^'. 

28  duas  esse  vias  &c.;  this  whole  section  down  to  esse  faciendum 
is  in  the  oratio  obllqua. 

31  republica  violanda,  hy  hetraying  their  country. 

32  eis  devium  quoddam  iter  esse,  they  had  some  hy-way;  Dat.  de- 
noting the  possessor. 

42.  1  quibusque  fuisset  minima  cum  corporibus  contagio,  who  had 
had  least  comiection  with  their  hodies. 

i  itaque  comraemorat,  ut  cycni  cum  cantu  et  voluptate  morian- 
tur,  sic  omnibus  bonis  et  doctis  esse  faciendum,  ajid  so  he  mentions 
that,  just  as  swans  die  amid  song  and  joy,  so  all  good  and  learned 
men  ought  to  do.  The  oratio  obllqua  is  here  resumed  after  comme- 
morat;  the  intermediate  clause  qui  non  sine  causa  Apollini  dicati 
sint,  sed  quod  ab  eo  divinationem  habere  videantur  qua  providentes 
quid  in  morte  boni  sit,  belongs  to  cycni,  the  swans  which  are  not 
without  reason  dedicated  to  Apollo,  hut  because  they  seem  to  have 
from  him  a  divination  hy  which  they  foresee  what  a  blessing  there 
is  in  death. 

16  praeclare  id  quidem,  supply  dixit.  —  qui  permiserit  et  osten- 
derit;  the  relative  qui  =  cum  is,  to  denote  the  cause;  hence  the 
Subjunct.,  because  he  was  obliging  to  his  friend  and  showed  that  lie 
himself  did  not  care  about  the  vjhole  affair. 

18.    Demosthenes. 

22  cumque  itabalbus  esset,  and  although  he  was  so  stammering 
he  stammered  so  badly;  concessive  cum  takes  the  Subjunct.  767. 

23  cui  studeret;  the  clause  depends  upon  the  Subjunct.  esset,  and 
is,  therefore,  itself  in  the  Subjunct.  —  studere  takes  the  Dat.  S89. 

24  perfecit  meditando,  he  brought  it  about  by  j^ractising. 

25  cum  spiritus  ejus  esset  angustior,  as  Jiis  breath  was  rather 
short  =  as  he  was  rather  short  of  breath;  tantum  continenda  anima 
in  dicendo  est  adsecutus,  he  made  up  for  it  by  arresting  the  cur- 
rent of  air  in  speaking. 

26  ut  una  continuatione  verborum  binae  ei  contentiones  vocis  et 
remissiones  continerentur,  so  that  in  one  continuous  outflow  of 


—  Ill  — 

words  two  elevations  and  two  depressions  of  the  voice  at  a  iime^. 
were  contained. 

28  qui  etiam;  the  Relative  for  the  Demonstrative. 

29  summa  voce,  at  the  top  of  his  voice. 

30  uno  spirita,  in  one  breath.  —  neque  is,  and  that  not;  when  a 
quaUty  is  ascribed  with  emphasis  to  an  object,  is  with  a  copulative 
particle  is  used.   7i5. 

31  adscensu  ingrediens  arduo,  walking  up  a  steep  ascent. 

6  quid  hoc  levius  ?  sc.  est;  what  could  be  sillier  than  this?    hoc,  43. 
Abl.  of  Comparison. 

8  sine  actiOne,  without  action^  i.  e.,  without  a  good  delivery^  or 
without  the  proper  ornament  of  voice  and  gesture. 

9  mediocris  hac  instructus,  a  middling  one,  if  provided  with  it. 
—  primas  dare,  to  give  the  first  place. 

11  quo  mihi  melius  etiam  illud  ab  Aeschine  dictum  videri  solet, 
and  the  well-known  saying  of  Aeschines  commonly  seems  to  me 
still  better  than  this;  quo  is  the  Abl.  of  Comparison,  for  quam  id;  solet 
is  here  best  rendered  by  an  Adverb,  commonly. 

12  qui  cum,  the  latter  when;  the  Relative  instead  of  a  Demon- 
strative. 

13  propter  ignominiam  judicii,  in  consequence  of  a  disgrace  in- 
flicted by  the  court,  Subject.  Gen. 

15  quam  in  Ctesiphontem  contra  Demosthenem  dixerat,  which  he, 
as  prosecutor  of  Ctesiphon,  had  pronounced  against  Demosthenes. 

17  pro  Ctesiphonte,  as  counsel  for  Gtesiphon. 

18  admirantibus  omnibus,  Abl.  Absol. 

19  quanto  magis  miraremini,  how  much  more  would  you  have 
been  surprised;  the  condition  being  represented  as  impossible,  the 
Imperf.  or  Pluperf.  Subjunct.  must  be  employed.   788.  in. 

20  ex  quo  satis  significavit,  quantum  esset  in  actione,  hereby  he 
pointed  out  well  enough  how  much  lay  in  a  good  delivery. 

21  qui  putarit  (putaverit) ;  qui  =  cum  is,  to  denote  cause,  since 
he  was  of  opinion.  792.  ii.  —  actore  mutato,  Abl  Abs.  representing 
a  condition,  the  speaker  being  changed,  i.  e.  when  delivered  by  an- 
other speaker.  833. 


—    112    — 

Page 

43.  19.    The  best  sauce. 

24  negavit  se  umquam. .,  he  said  he  had  never. 

25  scilicet,  the  plain  reason  was.  —  sitiens,  being  thirsty. 

26  esuriens,  being  hungry.  —  cui  cum  peragranti  Aegyptum 
cibarius  panis  datus  esset,  when  coarse  bread  had  been  given  to 
him  on  his  tour  through  Egypt. 

28  illo  pane  jucundius,  more  delicious  than  that  bread;  Abl.  of 
Comparison. 

29  contentius,  very  vigorously;  contente  (from  contendgre),  with 
great  exertion. 

30  quo  melius  cenaret,  to  have  a  better  supper;  quo  with  the 
Subjunct.  in  clauses  ofpu7^p)ose,  especially  with  Comparatives.  763. 

31  opsouare  ambulando  famem,  that  he  was  purveying  hunger^ 
i.  e.  that  he  was  getting  up)  an  appetite  by  walking;  opsonare  from 
Greek  b^puvetj  [o^pov  uvio/iai),  to  go  to  market.  —  ambulando,  Abl. 
of  Means. 

32  in  phiditiis,  in  the  public  meals  of  the  Lacedaemonians. 

44.  4  ad  EurOtam,  on  the  banks  of  the  Eurotas. 

7  ut  quidquid  objectum  est;  quidquid  is  used  to  express  em- 
phatically anything  whatever  which. 

8  quod  modo  a  natura  non  sit  alienum,  provided  it  is  not  con- 
trary to  their  nature;  modo,  if  only,  provided,  takes  the  Subjunct. 
790.  —  eo  contentae,  satisfied  with  it;  contentus  takes  the  Abl. 

9  civitates  quaedam  universae,  there  are  whole  nations  which. 

11  quos  negat  ad  panem  adhibere  quidquam  praeter  nasturtium, 
of  whom  he  says  that  they  do  not  eat  anything  with  their  bread  but 
water-cress. 

20.    Burial  service  at  Athens. 
14  a  Cecrope,  from  the  time  of  Cecrops.  —  mos  corpus  terra  hu- 
mandi,  the  custom  of  burying  the  body  in  the  earth. 

18  quas  inibant  propinqui  coronati,  to  which  the  relatives  went 
decorated  with  garlands. 

19  apud  quos,  in  whose  presence. 

20  justa  confecta  erant,  the  customary  rites  were  finished. 
23  apud  SolOnem,  in  the  laws  of  Solon. 


—    113    ~ 

Page 

24  "ne  quis  ea  deleat  neve  alieaum  inferat",  let  no  one  destroy^, 
them  or  put  in  a  stranger;  Imperative  Subjunct.  —  poenaque  est, 
and  it  is  punishable.  —  si  quis  bustum  violarit,  dejecerit,  fregerit, 
if  some  one  should  mutilate^  throw  down  or  break  a  bust.   788.  ii. 

26  post  aliquanto,  shortly  after.  —  propter  has  amplitudines  se- 
pulcrorum,  in  consequence  of  this  magnificence  of  the  tombs. 

29  neque  id  opere  tectorio  exornari . . .  licebat,  nor  was  it  allowed 
to  adorn  them  with  stucco;  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.  constructions  depend  on 
licebat. 

30  Hermas  hos,  quos  vocant,  the  so-called  Hermae. 

6  civis  tuendae  civitatis  peritissimus,  a   citizen  well  versed  172  45. 
protecting  the  state;  perltus  takes  the  Gen. 

7  non  solum  poena,  sed  etiam  tempore,  not  only  by  punishment^ 
but  also  by  time,  i.  e.,  not  only  by  establishing  punishment,  but 
also  by  fixing  the  time.  —  ante  lucem  enim  jussit  efferri,  for  he  or- 
dered funerals  to  take  place  before  day-break. 

9  super  terrae  tumulum,  above  the  sepulchral  mound. 

10  noluit  quidquam  statui,  he  did  not  want,  i.  e.  forbade  anything 
to  be  placed.  —  tribus  cubitis  non  altiorem,  not  higher  than  three 
cubits.  610. 

11  huic  procurationi  praefecerat,  to  this  charge  he  had  appointed; 
praeficere,  to  set  over,  appoint,  takes  the  Dat.  592. 

21.    Aratus  of  Sicyon. 
16  clandestino  introitu,  Abl.  of  Means. 

22  quinquaginta  annorum  possessiones,  a  holding  for  fifty  years. 
—  non  nimis  aequum,  not  very  fair. 

24  tenebantur,  were  held  in  possession. 

25  judicavit  neque  illis  adimi  nee  his  non  satis  fieri,  quorum  ilia 
fuerant,  oportere,  he  was  of  opinion  that  neither  the  latter  should 
he  deprived,  nor  those  who  had  formerly  possessed  the  property  be 
without  indemnification. 

26  quorum  ilia  fuerant;  the  Gen.  to  denote  that  to  which  something 
belongs.  57i.  —  opus  esse  takes  the  Abl.  624. 

27  ad  eam  rem  constituendam,  to  fix  this  matter. 

30  altyer  refers  to  Ptolemaeum,  hospitem  suum,  but  is  here  in- 
corporated into  the  relative  clause,  the  second  who. 


—    114    — 

Page 

46.       1  quam,  for  earn.  —  adhibere  in  consilium,  to  consult  one. 
3  aliena,  the  property  of  others. 

i  aestimandis  possessionibus,  hy  estimating  the  properties  =  hy 
an  estimate  of  the  properties. 

5  possessionibus  cederent,  to  give  up  their  loroperty;  posses- 
sionibus, Abl.  of  Separation.  620. 

6  quod  tanti  esset,  what  luas  ivorth  so  much,  i.  e.,  an  equivalent. 

7  perfectum  est,  ut  omnes  discederent,  it  was  brought  about  that 
all  came  off. 

8  o  virum  magnum;  Ace.  in  exclamation,  sss.  —  dignumque  qui 
natus  esset;  after  dignus,  the  Relative  takes  the  Subjunct.   793.  c. 

^^.    A  rcDiarkahlo  dream. 
11  Cum  duo  &c.;  this  whole  section  is  in  the  oratio  obliqua,  de- 
pending on  commemoratur. 

14  qui  ut  cenati  quiescCrent,  when  after  supper  they  retired  to 
rest.  —  concubia  nocte,  during  Jiis  first  sleep. 

16  primo  perterritum  somnio,  frightened  by  this  first  dream. 

17  idque  visum  pro  nihilo  habendum  esse  duxisset,  and  had  con- 
cluded that  this  vision  should  be  regarded  as  nothing. 

19  quoniam  sibi  vivo  non  subvenisset,  since  he  had  not  assisted 
him  while  alive. 

20  mortem  suam  ne  inultam  esse  pateretur,  he  would  not  allow 
his  death  to  go  unavenged.  —  se  interfcctum  in  plaustrum  a  caupOne 
esse  conjectum,  stating  that,  having  been  killed  by  the  innkeeper, 
he  had  been  thrust  into  a  wagon;  this  oratio  oblTqua  depends  on 
rogare  which  implies  dicens.  , 

22  petere  ut  mane  ad  portam  adesset,  he  entreated  him  to  be  at 
the  gate  early  in  the  morning.  —  priusquam  plaustrum  ex  oppido 
exiret,  before  the  wagon  could  leave  the  city.   779. 

23  hoc  vero  cum  somnio  commotum,  the  latter  thoroughly  roused 
by  this  dream. 

24  mane  bubulco  praesto  ad  portam  fuisse,  waited  at  the  gate 
early  in  the  morning  for  the  driver. 

26  re  patefacta,  the  deed  being  brought  to  light 


115    — 


PHAEDRUS. 

Of  Phaedrus,  the  Latin  fabulist  ot  the  Augustan  age,  scarcely 
any  accounts  have  been  transmitted  to  us  beyond  occasional  refer- 
ences, and  of  his  personal  history  almost  nothing  is  known  beyond 
the  fact  that  he  was  a  slave  who  was  brought  from  Thrace  or  Mace- 
donia to  Kome  where  he  was  freed  by  Augustus,  as  set  forth  in  the 
title-page  of  the  book:  Phaedri,  Augusti  liberti,  fabularum  Aeso- 
jnarum  libri  quinque^  containing  97  fables  in  Iambic  verse. 


23.    The  wolf  and  the  lamb.  p 

3  Ad  Yivum  eundem  lupus  et  agnus  venerant.  —  This  is  the  most  47. 
common  form  of  Iambic  verse;  it  is  called  Iambic  Trimeter  or  Senarian, 
and  consists  of  three  Iambic  dipodies  or  six  Iambic  feet.    Accord- 
ingly the  formula  of  the  verse  is  as  follows: 

\jL\J—  \^1.\J—  \^Lkj^ 

In  the  Iambic  Trimeter  a  Tribrach  (u  u  u)  may  be  substituted  for 
any  iambus  except  the  last,  as: 

ad  rivitm  eundem  lupus  et  agnus  venerant. 
Likewise  a  Spondee  (_  _)  or  its  equivalent  Anapaest  (w  \j  _)  or  Dactyl 
(_  Kj  Kj)  may  be  substituted  for  an  Iambus  in  the  odd  places  (1st,  3d, 

5th  foot).    922. 

4  superior,  higher^  that  is  nearer  the  source  of  the  river. 

6  fauce  improba,  Abl.  of  Instrument  governed  by  incitatus;  lit.  hy 
his  wicked  throat;  i.  e.  hy  his  voracity. 

6  latro,  the  robber,  i.  e.,  the  wolf.  —  jurgii  causam  Intulit,  picked 
a  quarrel. 

7  mihi.  .bibenti,  for  me  while  drinking  =  when  I  was  drinking, 

8  laniger,   wool-bearing,  i.  e.,  the  sheep.  —  contra,  in  turn.  — 
timens,  timidly;  the  Participle  translated  adverbially;  supply  ait. 

9  qui,  old  Abl.  of  qui,  in  what  loay,  how.  —  quod  quereris,  what 
you  complain  of. 


-    116    - 

Page 

47.  12  male,  ait,  dixisti  mihi,  for:  ait,  maledixisti  mihi;  male  and  dixisti 
form  one  word;  such  a  separation  of  a  compound  word  into  its  parts 
is  called  Tmesis.    897. 

15  atque  ita  correptum  lacerat,  and  so  he  seizes  and  tears  him 
in  pieces. 

17  fictis  causis,  by  fictitious  causes. 

24'    The  frogs  and  their  king. 

19  acquis  legibus,  under  just  laws. 

22  hie  conspiratis  factionum  partibus,  some  portions  of  the  fac- 
tions having  entered  into  a  conspir^acy. 

25  grave  omne  insuStis  onus  est,  every  burden  is  heavy  when  we 
are  not  accustomed  to  it. 

28  liberis  paludibus,  in  their  free  swamps;  Abl  of  Place. 
4S.       1  qui  compesceret,   who  should  restrain;  the  relative  =  ut  is, 
denoting  purpose,  with  the  verb  following  in  the  Subjunct. 

3  missum  quod  &c.  =  quod  tigillum  missum,  and  this  log  when 
sent  down.  —  vadi  belongs  to  pavidum  genus,  the  timid  population 
of  the  marshes. 

5  diutlus,  somewhat  long,  a  considerable  time. 

7  explorato  rege,  having  examined  the  king. 

8  timore  poslto,  having  dismissed  their  fear. 

9  lignumque  supra,  for:  et  supra  lignum. 

10  omni  contumelia,  with  all  kind  of  contumely. 

12  inutilis  quoniam  esset;  the  Subjunctive  shows  that  this  is  what 
the  frogs  said. 

17  adflictis  ut  succurrat,  that  he  should  succor  the  wretched; 
clause  of pmyose. 

20  majus  ne  veniat  malum,  lest  a  greater  evil  may  come;  clause 
of  purpose. 

25.    The  wolf  and  the  crane. 
'2A^  delude,  to  be  pronounced  deinde  (two  syllables). 

25  OS  devoratum  fauce  cum  haereret  lupi,  when  a  bone  which 
the  wolf  had  devoured  was  sticking  in  his  throat. 

26  singulos,  supply  amicos,  his  friends  one  by  one. 


—    117    - 

Page 

28  persuasa  est,  was  persuaded;  this  passive  use  of  persuadeo  48. 
is  not  common  and  scarcely  in  accordance  with  the  rule;  verbs  which 
govern  a  Dative  in  the   Active  are  used  only  impersonally  in  the 
Passive;  the  usual  construction  would  be:  persuasum  est  grui.    590. 

29  colli  longitudinem,  his  long  neck.    See  Note  on  49.  29. 

30  medicinam  fecit  lupo,  performed  the  operation  on  the  wolf, 

32  ore  quae  e  nostro  caput  abstuleris;  transpose^  quae  e  nostro 
ore,  &c. ;  the  relative  quae  is  here  equivalent  to  cum  tu,  since  you; 
accordingly  it  takes  the  Subjunctive.   '792.  11. 

33  et,  and  yet]  et  is  often  used  in  this  sense. 

26.    The  ass  and  the  lion  in  partnership, 

2  virtutis  expers  verbis  jactans  gloriam,  is  the  subject  of  the  sen-  49. 
tence,  he  who  is  without  virtue  and  boasts  of  his  fame  (with  words); 
expers  takes  the  Gen.  567.  1. 

3  ignotos,  those  who  do  not  know  him.  —  notis  est  derisiii,  is  a 
derision  to  those  who  know  him;  the  Dative  is  used  with  esse  to 
denote  the  purpose.  593. 

4  asello  comite,  Abl,  Absol. ;  a  few  substantives  having  a  kind  of 
participial  meaning  take  the  construction  of  Ablative  Absolute.  536. 

5  contexit  ilium  frutice,  concealed  him  behind  a  shrub;  lit.  cov- 
ered him  with  a  shrub. 

7  auritulus;  the  ass  is  described  by  his  length  of  ear. 

10  quae  dum  =  dum  eae,  sc.  bestiae. 

12  qui,  this  one=the  lion. —  fessuscaede;  fessus  takes  the  Abl.  604. 

13  tunc  ille  insSlens,  supply  ait. 

u  qualis  videtur  opera  tibi  vocis  meae  ?  hoiu  does  my  voice  ap- 
pear to  aid  you,  lit.  of  what  kind  appears  to  you  the  help  of  my  voice? 

15  insignis  sic  ut,  first  rate  so  that;  ut  introducing  a  clause  of 
result  with  the  Subjunct.  —  nisi  nossem,  had  I  not  known;  nossem 
for  novissem.  333;  the  condition  being  represented  as  contrary  to 
fact  requires  the  Imp.  or  Pluperf.  Subjunct.    788.  iii. 

27.    TIxe  fojo  and  the  crow. 
18  qui  se  laudari  gaudet,  he  who  takes  pleasure  in  being  praised; 
verbs  of  emotion  may  take  the  Ace.  w.  Inf.    815. 


—    118    — 

Page 

49.  19  sera  paenitentia,  Abl.  Absol. ,  repentance  being  too  late  =  when 
it  is  too  late  to  repent.  —  dat  turpes  poenas,  has  to  pay  for  it  dis- 
honorably. 

20  de  fenestra  raptum  caseum,  a  cheese  he  had  stolen  from  a 
window. 

21  comesse  =  comedSre.  4io.  —  celsa  residens  arbore,  perching 
on  a  lofty  tree. 

23  0  qui  est  nitor,  0  what  is  the  sheen ! 

24  quantum  decSris,  how  much  grace;  Partitive  Gen.  after  quantum. 

566.  6. 

28  avidis  dentibus,  with  her  greedy  teeth;  Abl.  of  Means.   605. 

29  ingemuit  corvi  deceptus  stupor,  the  stupid  crow  being  deceived 
groaned;  the  place  of  the  Adjective,  incase  of  a  particular  stress 
being  laid  upon  it,  is  often  supplied  by  a  Substantive  expressing  the 
quality  in  the  abstract,  and  the  other  Substantive  is  joined  to  it  in 
the  Genitive,  as  here,  corvi  stupor  for  corvus  stupidus. 

28.  The  aged  lion. 

32  ignavis  etiam  jocus  est,  is  the  joke  even  of  cowards. 

33  defectus  annis  et  desertus  viribus,  stricken  in  years  and  his 
strength  go7ie;  annis  is  Abl.  of  Limitation,  and  viribus  Causal  Ablative. 

34  spiritum  extrgmum  ducens,  breathing  his  last. 

50.  3  infestis  cornibus,  with  his  dangerous  horns. 

4  hostile  corpus,  the  body  of  his  enemy. 

G  at  ille  exspirans,  supply  ait. — fortes  indigne  tuli  mihi  insultare; 
Ago.  w.  Inf.  after  a  verb  of  emotion,   sis. 

7  te,  naturae  dedecus,  quod  ferre  cogor;  begin  with  quod,  that  I 
am  compelled  to  endure  you,  monster  of  nature;  quod  is  used  to 
introduce  an  explanatory  cause;  here  it  means,  the  fact  that,  the 
circumstance  that.  784. 

29.    The  "kite  and  the  doves. 
10  qui  se  committit  homini  tutandum  improbo,  he  who  commits 
himself  for  protection  to  a  wicked  man;   the  Gerundive  tutandum  is 
used  after  committere,  to  denote  purpose.  84i. 

14  raptor,  the  plunderer,  i.  e. ,  the  kite. 


—    119    — 

Pagf 

16  quare  sollicitum  potius  aevum  ducitis  ?  why  do  you  prefer  to  50. 
lead  a  life  of  care  ? 

17  icto  foedere,  Abl.  Absol,  hy  making  a  league;  the  use  of  the 
word  icere,  to  strike,  seems  to  have  arisen  from  the  notion  of  striking 
down  the  victim  which  formed  part  of  the  process  observed  in  making 
treaties. 

is  qui  vos  praestem;  qui  being  equivalent  to  ut  ego  takes  the 
Subjunctive.   792.  i. 

19  credentes,  full  of  confidence. 

20  qui,  this  one,  for  hie,  —  vesci  singidas,  supply  columbas;  vesci 
commonly  takes  the  Abl.  626;  occasionally  the  Accus.  is  used,  as  here. 

21  imperium  exercere,  to  enforce  one's  power. 

22  de  relicuis  una  (supply  inquit),  one  of  the  rest  said;  de  is 
here  used  in  a  partitive  sense. 

SO.    The  two  mules. 

25  fiscos,  money-hags;  fiscus  was  a  basket  of  wicker-work  for 
holding  large  quantities  of  money. 

26  tumentes  multo  saccos  hordeo,  hags  swollen  with  much  grain. 

27  celsa  cervice  emlnet,  is  conspicuous  hy  his  lofty  neck. 

28  clarumque  jactat  coUo  tintinnabulum,  and  shakes  the  tinkling 
hell  on  his  neck. 

29  quieto  et  placido  gradu,  Abl.  of  Manner. 

31  inter  caedem  ferro  mulum  saucTant,  while  beating  him  they 
wound  the  mule  with  a  sword. 

I  me  contemptum  (supply  esse) ;  Ace.  w.  Inf  after  a  verb  of  emotion.  51. 

3  hoc  argumento,  hy  or  according  to  this  argument. 

4  periclo  obnoxiae,  liable  to  danger;  obnoxias  takes  the  Dat.  sos. 

31.    The  dog  and  the  wolf. 
8  salutatum ;  the  Supine  (depending  on  restitgrunt)  denotes  a  pur- 
pose.  847. 

10  aut  quo  cibo  fecisti  tantum  corporis  ?  or  hy  what  food  have 
you  gained  so  much  flesh  ?  corporis  depends  on  tantum.  566.  6. 

II  pereo  fame,  I  perish  with  hunger,  am  starving. 

12  canis  simpliciter,  supply  ait.  —  eadem  est  condicio  tibi,  you 
are  in  the  same  condition;  Dative  to  dQnotQ  possession. 


—    120    -^ 

Page 

51.  15  tuearis  et;  the  conjunction  et  here  joins  tuearis  and  sis;  it  does 
not  often  occur  so  far  on  in  the  sentence;  generally  it  stands  first, 
in  poetry  often  in  the  second  place,  but  seldom  later. 

19  et  otiOsum  largo  satiari  cibo;  the  construction  is  :  me  otiosum 
largo  satiari  cibo  quanto  est  facilius;  Ace.  w.  Inf.   8ii. 

21  a  catena  collum  detrltum  cani,  the  dog^s  neck  being  galled  by 
the  chain. 

22  unde  hoc,  amice  ?  sc.  inquit. 

25  crepusculo;  Abl.  of  Time.  —  qua  visum  est,  where  I  please. 
27  jactant  familia;  the  Plural  with  the  collective  noun  familia. 

30  abire  si  quo  est  animus,  if  you  have  a  mind  to  go  somewhere; 
quo,  in  the  word  siquo,  is  for  aliquo. 

31  non  plane  est,  there  is  no  liberty  to  do  so  absolutely  =  /  cannot 
go  quite  where  I  please. 

32  liber  ut  non  sim,  on  condition  that  I  be  not  free. 

32.    Tlxe  fox  and  the  sour  grapes. 
62.      3  appetebat,  kept  aiming  at;  the  Imperfect  is  used  to  denote  a 
repeated  action.    755. 

6  verbis  elevant,  they  cry  down. 

S3.    The  ungrateful  snahe. 
11  sinfique  fovit,  warmed  it  in  his  bosom.  —  contra  se  ipse  mise- 
rlcors,  compassionate  against  his  own  interest. 

13  hanc,  sc.  colubram.  —  alia,  sc.  colubra. 

u  respondit,  ne  quis,  answered,  (I  did  it)  lest. 

34'    The  discontented  stag. 
16  laudatis;  Abl.  of  Comparison  for  quam  laudata;  the  regular  con- 
struction in  prose  would  be,  haec  narratio  adserit,  saepe  (ea)  quae 
contempseris  utiliOra  inveniri  quam  laudata. 

26  retentis  impedltus  cornibus,  impeded  by  his  entangled  horns. 

27  vocem  hanc  edidisse  dicitur,  he  is  said  to  have  exclaimed  thus, 

29  utilia  mihi  fuerint  (ea),  how  useful  were  to  me  those  things. 

30  quantum  luctus  habuerint  (ea),  how  much  grief  they  caused 
me;  luctus  in  the  Genitive  after  quantum,  see.  6. 


—   121   — 


a,  ab,  with  abl, 
abacus,  -i  (m.) 


from,  of,  by 
,  a  sideboard 


YOCABULAET. 

Note.  Changeable  parts  of  words  are  printed  in  bold-f  aced.  type, 
so  as  to  indicate  the  manner  of  forming  the  genitive,  the  gender  endings, 
and  the  principal  parts  of  verbs. 

The  -,  simply  added  to  a  noun,  indicates  that  the  genitive  is  like  the 
nominative. 

(m.),  (f.),  (n.),  (pi.)  mean:  masculine,  feminine,  neuter,  plural,  re- 
spectively. 

The  signs  of  quantity  are  given,  unless  the  syllable  is  long  by  position 
{26),  or  contains  a  diphthong  [12). 

ac,  atque,  and 

accedo,-gre,  access!,  accessum, 
to  approach;  accedit,  i^  is  added 

accendo,  -6re,  accendi,  accen- 
sum,  to  set  on  fire;  rise  to  fury 

acceptus,  -a,  -um,  acceptable, 
welcome 

accessid,  -onis  (f.),  an  increase 

accessus,  -us  (m.),  an  approach 

accido,  -ere,  accidi,  (no  sup.),  to 
befall,  happen 

accipio,  -ere,  accepT,  acceptum, 
to  receive;  to  hear;  fama  acci- 
pere,to  know  by  hearsay;  scrip- 
turn  accipgre,  to  be  informed; 
pecuniam  accipgre,  to  take  the 
money 

accuratus,  -3-,  -fim,  careful;  ac- 
curatius,  with  greater  care 

ac6r,  -ris,  -rS,  sharp,  vigorous; 
acerrima  studia,  most  acute 
studies;  acerrlme,  most  vio- 
lently 

Acerbas,  -ae  (m.),  AcerbaSj 
Elissa's  husband 

acerbus,  -3,,  -um,  sour;  painful 

Achilles,  -is  (m.),  Achilles 

acles,-ei  (f.),  line  of  battle,  battle 


abditus,  -a,  -um,  sequestered 
abe5,-ire,  abii,  abitum,  to  move 

off,  to  get  off 
abjicTo,  -ere,  abjgci,  abjectiim, 

to  throw  away 
ablego,   -arg,  -avT,  -atum,  to 

send  away 
abruptus,  -a,  -um,  broken;  ab- 

ruptum,  -i  (n.),  a  precipice 
absolve,  -ere,    absolvi,    absolu- 

tum,  to  acquit 
absum,  abesse,  afiu,  (no  sup),  to  be 

aivay;  to  be  wanting;  paulum, 

non  longe  abesse,  to  be  not  far 

from;  domo  abesse,  to  be  away 

from  home 
absumo,  -ere,  absumpsT,  absum- 

ptum,  to  destroy,  consume 
abundantiS-,  -ae  (f.),  abundance 
abundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

abound,  to  be  very  numerous 
Abydus,  -i  (f.),  Abydos,  a  town 

in  Mysia,on  the  narrowest  point 

of  the  Hellespont 


—    122   — 


actio,  -onis  (f.),  an  action;  of 
an  orator,  good  delivery 

actdr,  -oris  (ra.),  a  speaker 

acumen,  -inis  (n.),  keenness 

acutiis,-^,  -tim,  pointed,  sharp; 
homo  aciitus,  a  sharper 

ad,  with  ace,  at,  to,  against; 
towards,  hy 

adclamo,  -ar€,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
cry  out 

addico,  -erC,  addixi,  addictQm, 
to  sentence 

addisco,  -€r6,  addidici,  (no  sup.), 
to  learn  further,  to  learn  more 

addo,  -6r6,  addidi,  additum,  to 
add 

adduce,  -gr6,  adduxi,  adduc- 
tUm,  to  bring  up 

adductiis,  -&,  -flm,  strained 

ad65,  so,  to  that  degree 

adSo,  -ire,  adii,  aditfim,  to  ap- 
proach; insulam  adire,  to  visit 
an  island;  contionem  adIre,  to 
go  to  the  assembly 

adfgro,  -re,  attulT,  adlatum,  to 
bring  (up,  to);  causas  adferre, 
to  advance  reasons 

adficiS,  -€re,  adfeci,  adfectum, 
to  treat,affect;  often  to  be  trans- 
lated by  a  verb  corresponding 
to  its  ablative;  verberlbus  ad- 
fic6re,  to  flog;  verberibus  ser- 
vilibus  adfici,  to  be  flogged  by 
a  slave;  voluntariis  verberibus 
adfici,  to  flog  one's  self 

adflgo,  -gre,  adflxi,  adfixflm, 
to  fasten  to,  nail  to;  cruci  adfi- 
ggre,  to  crucify 

adflicttis,-a,  -urn,  in  a  bad  state, 
distressed 

adfllgo,  -€r6,  adflixi,  adflicttim, 

,    to  strike  down,  shatter 


adgrediSr,  -i,  adgressGs  sum,  to 
set  about;  to  assail,  to  ap- 
proach; to  address;  dolo  ad- 
grgdi,  to  take  by  surprise 

adhaergo,  -ere,  adhaesi,  adhae- 
stim,  to  adhere,  be  united  with 

adhlbgo,  -er6,  -fli,  -itum,  to 
employ,  use;  adhibere  in  con- 
silium, to  consult  some  one;  ad 
panem  adhibere,  to  eat  with 
the  bread 

adhuc,  hitherto,  still 

adimo,  -gr6,  ademi,  adempttUn, 
to  take  away,  deprive 

adlpiscOr,  -i,  adeptiis  sum,  to 
obtain,  gain 

aditiis,  -us  (m.),  access;  a  land- 
ing place;  (pi.)  passages  (for 
entrance) 

adjicio,  -gr6,  adj6ci,  adjectGm, 
to  add  to;  telum  adjic6re,  to 
hurl  a  weapon 

adjungo,  -ere,  adjunxT,  adjunc- 
tum,  to  add  to 

adjuvo,  -are,  adjuvT,  adjutum, 
to  assist 

adllgatiis,  -Sl,  -uni,  bound  up 

adludo,  -erg,  adlusi,  adlusGm,  to 
smile  on 

adramistrati5,  -onis  (f),  the  ad- 
ministration 

administro,  -arg,  -avT,  -atiini, 
to  manage,  conduct,  execute; 
majestatem  administrare,  to 
exercise  the  supreme  power 

admiratiO,  -onis  (f ),  admiration 

admirSr,  -ari,  -atiis  sum,  to 
wonder  at,  admire 

admitto,  -6r€,  admisi,  admis- 
stim,  to  admit;  in  conspectum 
admittgre,  to  admit  to  one^s 
presence 


123 


admodum,  very;  admoduni  puer, 

very  young;  with    numerals, 

about 
admoiieo,-ere,-m,  -ittim,  to  re- 
mind^ suggest^  call  attention  to 
admonitiO, -onis  (f.),  reminding 
admoveo,  -ere,   admOvi,  adinO- 

tiiin,  to  bring  to 
adnato,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   to 

swim  along 
adolesco,-ere,  ad6l6vi,adultuin, 

to  grow  up 
adquiro,  -ere,  adquisivi,  adqui- 

situui,  to  assume 
adrideo,  -ere,  adrisi,  adrisum, 

to  laugh  at 
adscendo,   -ere,    adscendi,    ad- 

scensum,  to  ascend 
adscensus,  -us  (m.),  an  ascent 
adscrIbo,-ere^adscripsi,  adscrip- 

tum,  to  join  to;  sibi  adscribere, 

to  apply  to  one's  self 
adsentator,  -oris  (m.),  a  flatterer 
adsequor,  -T,  adsecutus  sum,  to 

attain^  reacJi,  gain;isinium  ad- 

sequi,  to  make  up  for 
adsero,-ere,  adserui,adsertum, 

to  relate,  assert 
adsidens,    -tis,   sitting  near  a 

person 
adsiduus,  -a,  -um,  constant 
adsigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 

allot 
adspicio,  see  aspiciO 
adsto,  -are,  adstiti,  (no  sup.),  to 

stand  near 
adsuesco,  -erS,  adsuevi,  adsuS- 

tum,  to  become  accustomed 
adsum,adesse,adfLiI,  (no sup.),  lobe 

present,  stand  by;  to  be  there; 

fides  mortis  ad6rat,  the  news  of 

his  death  proved  to  be  true 


adsrimo,-SrS,  adsumpsi,  adsump- 

turn,  to  assume;  in  societatem 

adsumere,  to  admit  into  one's 

company 
adulescens,  -tis   (m.),    a  youth; 

young 
adidescentla,  -ae  (f.),  youth 
adulescentidus,  -i  (m.),  a  very 

young  man 
adultus,  -3.,  -um,  grown  up;  ae- 

tas  adulta,  full  age 
adunatus,  -a,  -uni,  united 
aduro,  -ere,  adussi,  adustum, 

to  singe  off 
ad  vena,  -ae  (m.),  a  stranger 
advento,  -are,  -avi,  -atQm,  to 

approach;  of  the  day,  to  dawn 
adventus,  -us  (m.),  a  coming 
adversum  )     ij^  ^^^  .„^j 

adversus   ) 
adversus,  -a,  -um,  unfavorable, 

disastrous;  ex  adverso  stare, 

to  face 
adverto,   -ere,    adverti,    adver- 

simi,  to  turn  towards;  anlmum 

advertere,  to  observe,  perceive 
advoco,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,  to 

summon 
advolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  fly 

to,  to  hurry  to 
Aeacides,  -ae  (m.),  an  Aeacide, 

a  male  descendant  of  Aeacus 
aedes,-is  (f.),  atemple;  pi.  house, 

palace 
aedificiumi,  -i  (n.),  a  building 
aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

build 
Aegeus,  -ei  (m.),  Aegeus,  Iving 

of  Athens,  and  father  of  Theseus 
aegre,  with  difficulty 
Aegyptus,  -i  (f.),  Egypt 
aemulatIO,  -onis  (f.),  emulation 


124 


Aeolides,  -uiii  (f.  pi)  insulae,  the 
Aeolic  islands,  now  LijMri 

aequalis,  -e,  equal;  subst.  a  con- 
temporary 

aequaliter,  equally 

aequitas,  -atis  (f.),  evenness; 
anlmi  aequitas,  evenness  of 
temper 

aequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 
level,  to  make  equal  to;  aequata 
patrimonia,  the  equality  of 
pjroperty 

aequor,  -is  (n.),  the  sea 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  even;  fair; 
aequum  jus,  the  same  right; 
aequae  leges,  reasonable  laws 

Aeschiues,  -is  (m.),  the  orator 
Aeschines,  rival  to  Demosthe- 
nes 

Aesculapius,  -i  (m.),  Aescula- 
pius, deified  after  liis  death  on 
account  of  his  great  knowledge 
of  medicine 

AesOpiis,  -1  (m.),  Aesopus,  the 
Greek  fabulist 

aestas,  -atis  (f ),  summer 

aestimatIO,  -onis  (f ),  estimating 

aestimo,  -are,  -avT,  -atiim,  to 
estimate 

aestiis,-us  (m.),  heat;  tide,  surge 

aetas,  -atis  (f),  age;  aetatis 
privilegium,  privilege  of  sen- 
iority 

aeternitas,  -atis  (f.),  durability 

Aethiopia,  -ae  (f.),  Ethiopia,  a 
country  in  Africa 

Aetna,  -ae  (f ),  Aetna,  the  cele- 
brated volcano  of  Sicily 

aevum,  -i  (n.),  an  age;  soUicI- 
tum  aevum  agere,  to  lead  a  life 
full  of  care 

Af6r,  -ri  (m.),  an  African 


aflferO,  see  adfero 

age,  well  then 

ager,  -ri  (m.),  afield,  land;  es- 
tate;  in  agrum,  into  the  country 

aggredlor,  see  adgredior 

aglto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
drive  (violently);  agitari,  to  be 
disturbed;  regnum  agitare,  to 
spend  the  reign;  facinus  agi- 
tare, to  intend  a  crime 

agmen,-inis  {n.), aline  of  march, 
an  army;  agmina  senatOr'im, 
the  croiuds  of  senators 

agnosco,  -ere,  agnOvi,  agnitftm, 
to  recognize 

agnus,  -i  (m.),  a  lamb 

ago,  -ere,  egi,  actum,  to  drive; 
vitam  agere,  to  spend  life;  vic- 
torem  agere,  to  act  as  a  con- 
queror; inter  plebem  et  sena- 
tum  aggre,  to  manage  between 
the  people  and  senate;  in  ex- 
siliiim  agere,  to  banish;  de 
praemlis  agitur,  the  question 
is  concerning  the  rewards; 
primes  annos  agere,  io  spend 
the  first  years;  haec  aguntur, 
these  affairs  are  going  on;  per- 
petuum  exsilium  agere,  to  live 
in  exile  for  life 

agrlcultura,  -ae  (f.),  husbandry 

ain'  =  aisne  ?  do  you  mean  ? 

ajO,  I  say 

alacer,  -ris,  -re,  lively,  happy; 
alacrius,  more  briskly 

alacrltas,  -atis  (f.),  liveliness, 
alacrity;  magna  animorum  ala- 
crltas, high  spirits 

Alciblades,  -is  (m.),  Alcibiades 

ales,  -itis  (m.  &  f.),  a  bird 

Alexander, -ri  (m.),  Alexander 

Alexandria,  -ae  (f.),  Alexandria 


125 


alieno,   -are,   -avi,   -atiSiii,  to 

remove 

alienum,  -i  (n.),  the  ^property  of 
others 

aliCnus,  -a,  -um,  belonging  to 
others,  strange^   contrary  to;  ' 
alienus  (as  a  noun),  a  stranger 

alio,  in  another  direction^  to  a 
different  quarter 

allquando,  sometime 

aliquantisper,  for  some  time 

aliquanto  post,  some  time  after; 
shortly 

aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid,  aliquod, 
some  one,  something  (or  other) 

alitgr,  otherwise 

alius,  -a,  -lid,  other  (different); 
nihil  aliud,  nothing  else;  alii 
. .  alii,  some . .  others;  alii . .  alt- 
os, one  . .  another;  alius  alio 
modo,  some  in  this  way  and 
some  in  another 

alligo,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
fasten,  chain  up;  also  written, 
adligo 

alloquium,  -i(n.),  aconversation 

alo,  -ere,  aim,  alitum,  to  feed; 
of  animals,  to  keep 

alter,  -a,  -um,  other,  second, 
one  of  two;  alter ..  alter,  the 
one . .  the  other;  alteruter,  either 

alteriiter,  alterutrS,  alterutrum 
or  alter  titer,  altera  litra,  alte- 
riim  utrum,  one  of  two 

altitudO,  -iiiis  (f.),  height,  depth 

altiis,  -a,  -um,  high;  altiiin,  -i 
(n.),  the  deep  sea;  in  alto,  in 
deep  water 

amarus,  -a,  -iim,  hitter 

ambitiO,  -onis  (f.),  ambition; 
ambitio  vulgi,  paying  court  to 
the  masses 


ambfilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

ivalk 
araicTtia,  -ae  (f.),  friendship 
araiculuin,  -i  (n.),  a  cloak 
amiciis,  -i  (m.),  a  friend;  ami- 
cus, -a,  -iim,  loyal 
araissiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  loss 
aniitto,  -ere,  amisi,   a^issum, 

to  lose 
Ammon,  -is  (m.),  Ammon,  the 
supreme  divinity  of  the  Ethi- 
opians 
amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  love 
amor,  -oris  (m.),  love;  an  eager 

desire 
Amphictyon,   -onis   (m.),  Am- 
phictyon,   a  fabulous  king  of 
Attica 
amplitudO,   -inis   (f.),    magnifi- 
cence 
amplius,  besides,  more,  fur  titer 
ampliis,  -a,  -um,  splendid 
amputo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

cut  off^ 
an,  or,  whether 
Anaxilaus,  -i  (m.),  Anaxilaus, 

tyrant  of  Sicily 
anceps,  -ipitis,  wavering 
ancillaris,  -e,  o/or  belonging  to 

a  handmaid 
ancora,  -ae  (f.),  an  anchor 
angustiae,  -ariim  (f.  pi.),  a  nar- 
row pass,  defile;  angustiae  ma- 
ris, narrow  passages  of  the  sea 
angustus,    -a,    -um,    narroiu; 

close;  of  breath,  short 
anima,  -ae  (f.),  breath,  current 

of  air 
animadverto,  -ere,  anlmadverti, 
animadversum,  to  observe,  not- 
ice, perceive 
animostis,  -a,  -um,  spirited 


—    126    — 


animus,  -i  (m.),  mind;  courage; 
animo  magQificentior,  more  ele- 
vated in  soul;  animos  frangere, 
to  break  the  spirits;  animus 
minax,  animosity;  hoc  animo 
esse,  to  entertain  such  senti- 
ments^ 
annus,  -i  (m.),  a  year;  anni  tem- 

pus,  a  season 
annuus,  -S,  -um,  for  one  yea?-, 

yearly 
ante,  with  ace,  before;  adv.,  before 
antea  (adv.),  before,  heretofore 
antelucaniis,  -a,  -um,  that  is  or 
takes  place  befoi^e    daybreak; 
tempore     antelucano,     before 
daybreak 
antepono,  -ere,  anteposui,  ante- 

positum,  to  prefer 
antiquitas,  -atis  (f.),  antiquity 
antlquus,  -a,  -uiu,  ancient 
anulus,  -i  (m.),  a  finger-ring 
anxTe,  anxiously 
aper,  -ri  (m.),  a  wild  boar 
aperte,  openly,  evidently 
apertus,  -a,   -um,  open;  latus 
apcrtum,  the  unprotected  flank 
Apollo,  -inis  (m.),  Apollo 
apparatus,  -us  (m.),  a  prepara- 
tion;  pi.  supplies;   apparatus 
armorum,  conviviOrum,  'prepa- 
ration for  war,  for  a  banquet; 
in  medio  hoc  apparatu,  in  the 
midst  of  this  magnificence 
appareo,  -ere,  -ui,  -ittim,  to 

appear 
apparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

prepare 
appello,-are,-avT,-atiim,to  call 
appello,  -ere,  appuli,  appulsum, 
to  push  ashore,to  land;  classem 
appellere,  to  land 


appeto,  -erg,  appetivi,  app6ti- 

tum,  to  aim  at 
approbo,  -ar6,  -avi,  -atum,  io 

aptprove 
appropinquo,  -are,  -avi,-atiim, 

to  ajjproach 

appulsus,  -us  (m.),  arriving; 
appulsus  terrae,  a  landing 

apttis,  -a,  -iim  (from  apo,  -erg), 
fastened 

aptus,  -a,  -um,  suitable,  fit 

apiid,  with  ace,  by,  at,  among, 
with;  apud  Xerxem,  at  the 
court  of  Xerxes;  apud  Plato- 
nem,  in  Plato;  apud  quos,  in 
whose  pi^esence 

aqua,  -ae  (f.),  water 

aqulia,-ae  (f.),  an  eagle j>  a  stand- 
ard 

ara,  -ae  (f.),  an  altar 


Arabs,  Arabis 


(m.),  an  Arabian 


Arabiis,  -i 

Aratus,  -i  (m.),  Aratus  of  Sicyon 

Arbactus,  -i  (m.),  Arbactus,  an 

Assyrian  prefect  of  Media 
arbiter,  -ri  (m.),  an  umpire;  an 

eye-witness 
arbltrlum,  -i  (n.),  the  ivill 
arbttrSr,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  be- 
lieve, consider 
arbor,  -oris  (f.),  a  tr^ee 
arcanum,  -i  (n.),  a  secret 
Areas,  -adis  (m.),  an  Arcadian 
arcesso,  -ere,  arcessivi,  arcessi- 

tum,  to  summon 
Archelaus,   -i  (m.),  ArchelauSy 
king  of  Macedonia  (400  B.  C.) 
ardeo,    -ere,    arsi,   arsiiiu,   to 

burn 
arduus,  -a,  -um,  steep 
argentgus,  -a,  -lim,  of  silver 
argentum,  -i  (n.),  silver j  plate 


—    127 


Argi,  -oruin  (pi.  m.),  Argos^  the 

capital  of  Argolis 
argumentiim,  -i  (n.),  a  sign;  an 

argument 
Ariaemgnes,  -is  (m.),  Ariaeme- 

nes,  SOQ  of  Dareus 
Aridaeusj-i  (m.),  AridaeuSyhalf- 

brother  of  Alexander 
arldus,  -a,  -um,  dry;  arldiim, 

-i  (n.),  dry  ground 
Aristomache,   -es   (f.),    Aristo- 

machej  wife  of  Dionysius 
Aristoteies,  -is  (m.),  Aristotle 
arma,  -orum  (n.  pi.),  arms 
armatiis,  ~a,  -una,   armed,   in 

arms;  subst.,  an  armed  man 
armo,-ar€,  -avi,  -atGin,  to  arm 
ars,  -tis  (f),  an  art,  accomplish- 
ment; cunning;  ars  memoriae, 

the  art  of  remembering 
Artaphernes,  -Is  (m.),  Artapher- 

nes,  brother  of  Dareus 
Artemisia,  -ae  (f.),  Artemisia^ 

queen  of  Halicarnasus 
artifex,  -icis  (m.),  a  master 
artificlum,  -i,  (n.),  a  service 
arx,  -CIS  (f.),  a  citadel 
AscalOnius,  -i  (m.),  an  Ascalon- 

ian,  inhabitant  of  Ascalon 
aselius,  -1  (m.),  an  ass 
Asia,  -ae  (f.),  Asia 
asiniis,  -i  (m.),  an  ass 
asper,  -S,  -tim,  sharp;  aspgra 

vita,  a  life  full  of  hardships 
aspicio,-ere,  aspexX,  aspectGin, 

to  look  at,  behold 
assumo,  see  adsumo 
Assyriiis,  -i  (m.),  an  Assyrian 
astus,  -us  (m.),  craft;  astu,  cun- 
ningly 
Astyages,  -is  (m.),  Astyages,  last 

king  of  the  Medians 


at,  but;  for  at  least 

Athenae,  -arum  (f.  pi.),  Athens 

Athgniensis,  -  (m.),  an  Athenian 

atque,  and 

atqui,  nevertheless 

Atrebates,-um  (m.  pi),  the  Atre- 
bates,  a  people  in  Gallia  Bel- 
gica 

attero,  -ere,  attrivi,  attritum, 
to  impair 

Atthis,  -idis  (f.),  Atthis,  daugh- 
ter of  king  Cranaus 

Atticus,  -i  (m.),  an  Athenian 

attingo,  -6re,  attigi,  attactum, 
to  touch,  reach 

attribuo,  -erg,  attribui,  attribu- 
tftm,  to  assign,  allot 

auct5r,  -oris  (m.),  an  author; 
auctor  auxilii,  the  source  of 
assistance;  auctor  belli,  the 
originator  of  the  war;  auctor 
sententiae,  the  adviser  of  an 
opinion;  auctore  Aristide, 
upon  the  advice  of  Aristides 

auctoritas,  -atis  (f.),  authority, 
influence 

audacia,  -ae  (f ),  boldness 

audaciter,  boldly 

audeo,-ere,  ausus  sum,  to  dare, 
venture 

audio,  -ir6,  -ivi,  -itum,  to 
hear 

auf^ro,  -rg,  abstiill,  ablatum,  to 
take  away  from,  to  withdraw 

augeo,  -ere,  auxi,  auctflm,  to 
augment,  increase 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  golden 

aurltulus,  -i  (m.),  a  long-eared 
animal,  an  ass 

auriim,  -i  (n.),  gold 

Aurunculejus,  -i  (m.),  Auruncu- 
leius 


—    128 


auspicatus,  -a,  -um,  lucTcy;  au- 
spicata  sedes,  lucky  founda- 
tion; male  auspicatus,  evil  he- 
gun;  auspicatissimus,  founded 
under  the  most  favorable  aus- 
pices 

auspicium,  -i  (n.),  an  augury; 
auspiciis,  under  the  guidance 

auspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
begin 

aut,  or;  aut..aut,  either.. or 

autgm,  but 

auxiliaris,  -S,  assisting;  auxili- 
ares,-iuin(m.pl.),  auxiliaries 

auxilTum,  -T  (n.),  assistance;  au- 
xilium  ferre,  to  bring  assist- 
ance; in  auxilium  venire,  to 
come  to  assistance;  communia 
auxilia,  common  sources  of  aid; 
auxilia,  auxiliary  troops 

avarltiS.,  -ae  (f),  avarice 

aversor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
avoid 

avidus,  -3,,  -tiin,  eager,  greedy; 
avidus  vini,  fond  of  the  cup 

avitiis,  -a,  -um,  derived  from  a 
grandfather,  ancestral;  avitus 
mos,  a  hereditary  custom 

avolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atiSna,  tojly 
away 

avunculus,  -i  (m.),  an  uncle 

avus,  -i  (m.),  a  grandfather 

B. 

Babylon,  -is  (f.),  Babylon,  the 
chief  city  of  the  Babylo-Assy- 
rian  empire 

Babylonia,  -ae  (f.),  Babylonia, 
the  land  named  after  its  capital 

Bactrianus,  -i  (m.),  a  Bactrian 

balbus,  -a,  -um,  stammering 

barba,  -ae  (f.),  a  bmrd. 


barbartis,  -a,  -um,  barbarous 
barbatus,  -a,  -um,  bearded 
beattis,  -a,  -um,  happy 
bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  warlike 
bellicum,  -I  (n.),  a  signal;  belli- 

cum  canere,  to  give  the  signal 
for  an  attack 
belltim,  -i  (n.),  war 
b6n6,  well;  bene  plangque,  full 

well 
bgneficiQm,  -i  (n.),  a  kindness 
bestia,  -ae  (f.),  a  beast,  an  ani* 

mal 
bibo,  -erg,  bibi,    bibitum,    to 

drink 
biformis,  -e,  two-shaped 
bini,  -ae,  -a,  two 
bis,  twice 
bitumen,    -inis    (n.),     mineral 

pjitch 
blandieus,  -tis,  flattering 
blandiis,  -a,  -um,  insinuating 
Boeotia,  -ae  (f.),  Boeotia 
bonitas,  -atis  (f.),  goodness 
bonum,  -i  (n.),  a  blessing,  good 
boniis,   -a,   -um,  good;    bonus 

auctor,  a  trusty  author 
bos,  bovis  (m.),  an  ox 
brevis,   -e,   short;   brevi,   in  a 

short  time 
br6vit6r,  in  a  few  words 
Britannia, -ae  (f.).  Great  Britain 
Britannus,  -i  (m.),  a  Briton 
bubulcus,  -i  (m.),  a  driver 
bubulus,  -a,  -um,  belonging  to 

an  ox;  caput  bubiilum,  an  ox- 
head 
bustum,  -1  (n.),  a  bust 
Byrsa,-ae  (f.),  Byrsa,  the  citadel 

of  Carthage 


—  129     — 


cacumen,  -inis  (n.),  the  top 
cadaver,  -is  (n.),  a  corpse 
cado,-ere,  cecidi,  casum,  to  fall 
caecatus,  -a,  -um,  blinded 
caedes,-is  (f.),  a  murder  ^slaugh- 
ter; a  heating;  caedem  edere, 

to  bring  forth  a  defeat^  to  cause 

a  slaughter;  inter  caedem,  in 

the  course  of  heating 
caedo,  -ere,  cecldi,  caesum,  to 

slay;  flagellis  caedere,  to  whip, 

scourge 
caelatus,  -a,  -um,  engraved;  ar- 

gentum    aurumque    caelatum, 

gold  and  silver  x>late 
caelum,  -i  (n.),  heaven 
Caesar,  -aris  (m.),  Caesar 
Calanus,  -i  (m.),  Calanus,  name 

of  an  Indian 
calceus,  -i  (m.),  a  shoe 
calco,   -are,   -avi,   -a turn,    to 

trample  upon 
calculus,  -i  (m.),  a  pehhle 
callidus,  -a,  -um,  cunning j  sly 
calx,  -CIS  (f.),  the  heel 
Cambyses,  -is   (m.),   Camhyses, 

father  of  Cyrus 
campus,  -i  (m.),  afield 
candens,  -tis,  red-hoi 
canis,  -(f),  a  dog;  canis  femina, 

a  she-dog 
cano,  -ere,  cecini,  cantum,  to 

sing;    of  oracles,    to  foretell; 

bellicum   canere,   to   give  the 

signal  for  an  attack 
cantus,  -us  (m.),  a  song 
capesso,  -ere,  capessxvi,  capes- 

situm,    to    take  to;    pugnam, 

proelium  capessere,  to  engage 

in  a  fight 


capillus,  -i  (m.),  the  hair 
capio,   -ere,  cepT,   cap  turn,  to 
take,   seize;   to  hold;   to  take 
prisoner;  somnum  capere,  to 
find  sleep;  captus,  enslaved 
capitalis,    -e,   capital;    capitale 
esse  coepit,  it  began  to  be  a 
capital  crime 
capti vitas,  -atis  (f.),  captivity 
captivus,  -a,  -um,  captured 
caput,  -itis  (n.),  the  head;  judi- 
cium capitis,  trial  for  life;  ca- 
pitis damnare,  to  condemn  to 
death;  cenae  caput,  the  chief 
dish  of  the  meal 
career,  -is  (m.),  a  prison 
careo,-ere,-ui,  (no  sup.),  to  want, 

be  in  want 
caro,  carnis  [t),  flesh 
Carthaginiensis,  -   (m.),  a   Car- 
thaginian 
casa,  -ae  (f.),  a  hut 
caseiis,  -i  (m.),  cheese 
castigatiO,  -onis  (f.),  reproof 
castra,  -orum  (n.  pi),  a  camp 
castus,  -a,  -um,  guiltless 
casus,  -lis  (m.),  a  fall,  calamity; 
casus  gravis,  a  heavy  downfall; 
casus  discordiarum,   cases    of 
dissension 
catena,  -ae  (f.),  a  chain 
caterva,  -ae  (f ),  a  heap 
Catinienses,-ium  (m.  pi.),  the  Ca- 
tinienses,  inhabitants  of  Catina 
Caucasus,  -i  (m.),  the  Caucasus 
caupO,  -onis  (m.),  an  innkeeper; 
ad  caupOnem  devertere,  to  put 
up  at  an  inn 
causa,  -ae  (f.),  a  cause;  causam 
probare,  to  approve  an  enters- 
prise;  causa,  w.  gen.,  for  the 
sake  of 


130    — 


caveo,  -erS,  cavi,  cautum,  to  he 

on  one's  guard,  hew  are 
caverriS,,  -ae  (f.),  a  hollow^  cavity 
cavillor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  jest 
Cecrops,   -opis  (m.),    Cecrops^ 

first  king  of  Athens 
cGdo,   -ere,   cessi,   cessum,   to 

give  way,  retreat^  retire;  pos- 
sessionlbus  cedere,  to  give  up 

one's  propei^ty 
celebcr,  -ris,  -re,  celehrated 
celebritas,   -atis    (f.),   a  great 

numher 
celebro,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 

celehrate 
celer,  -is,  -e,  quick 
celeritas,  -atis  (f.),  speed,  quiclc- 
celeriter,  quickly  [ness 

celsus,  -a,  -um,  lofty 
cenS,  -ae  (f.),  a  dinner 
cenatus,  -a,  -um,  having  dined, 

after  dinner 
ceno,-are,  -avT,  -atiiiii,  to  dine 
censeo,  -erg,  censuT,  censQin, 

to  express  one's  opinion;    to 

assent;  to  helieve 
centum,  a  hundred 
cera,  -ae  (f),  wax;  a  tahlet  (^to 

write  uponj 
(Jeramlcus,  -i  (m.),    Ceramicos, 

the  pot  market 
cerno,-ere,  crgvi,  erg  turn,  to  see 
certamen,  -inis  (n.),  a  contest; 

certamina  Olympica,  the  Olym- 
pic games 
certatim,  emulously,  eagerly 
certe,  certainly^  assuredly 
certo,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,   to 

contend  (cum,  against) 
eertiis,  -a,  -um,  sure,  certain; 

certus  modus,  a  fixed  measure; 

certiorem  facere,  to  inform 


cervix,   -icis  (f.),  mostly  in  the 

pi.,  the  neck,  nape 
cervils,  -1  (m.),  a  stag 
cessim,  hackward;  cessim  ire,  to 

stay  hehind 
ceterum,  hut 
(cetgrus),  -a,  -um,  all  the  other, 

the  rest 
Chariades,  -is  (m.),  Chariades, 

an  Athenian  general   in    the 

Peloponnesian  war 
Charillus,-!  (m.),  Charillus,  cous- 
in of  Lycurgus 
Charybdis,  -  (f.),   Charyhdis,  a 

whirlpool  between  Italy    and 

Sicily,  and  opposite  to  the  rock 

Scylla 
cibarlus,  -S,  -um,  pertaining  to 

food;    cibarlus    panis,     hlack 

hread 
cibus,  -i  (m.),  food 
ci6o,  -er€,  civi,  citum,  to  rouse; 

bellum  ciere,  to  stir  up  battle; 

Acerbam     ciet,     she   invokes 

Acerbas 
circa,  with  ace. ,  around,  ahout 
circTter,  about 

circum,  with  ace,  round  ahout 
circumdo,  -are,  circumdgdi,  cir- 

cumdatum,  to  surround 
circumspicio,  -ere,  circumspexi, 

circumspectum,  to  look  around 
circumsto,  -are,  circumsteti,  (no 

sup.),  to  surround 
circum  venio,  -ire,  circumv6ni,  cir- 

cumventiim,  to  surround 
cito,  quickly,  in  a  short  time 
cito,    -are,     -avi,    -atum,  to 

quicken;   citato    cursu,    at  a 

quick  run;  citato  impetu,  witli 

rapid  motion 
civilis,  -e,  of  a  citizen,  civil 


131 


civis,  -  (m.  &  f.),  a  citizen,  fellow- 
citizen 

civitas,  -atis  (f.),  a  state;  a  city 

clades,  -is  (f.),  a  defeat 

clam,  secretly 

clamito,  -ar6,  -avi,  -attim,  to 
cry  out 

clamor,  -oris  (m.),  shouting 

clandestiniis,  -3,,  -um,  clandes- 
tine, secret 

clams,  -a,  -lim,  famous,  of  re- 
nown, remarkable;  clarum  tin- 
tinnabiilum,  the  tinkling  hell 

classis,  -  (f.),  ajleet 

claudo,  -Sre,  clausT,  clausum,  to 
shut,  close 

Cocalus,  -1  (m.),  Cocalus,  an  an- 
cient king  of  Sicily 

coctiis,  -3,,  -tiin,  cooked;  baked; 
later  coctus,  a  hrick 

Codrus,  -1  (m.),  Godrus,  the  last 
king  of  Athens 

coeo,  -irS,  coii,  coitum,  to  come 
together;  in  se  coire,  to  dash 
against  each  other;  una  coire, 
to  unite 

coepi,  coepisse,  to  begin 

coepta,-oruin  (n.pl.),  an  under- 
taking 

coeptus,  -a,  -um,  begun 

coerceo,  -ere,  -iSi,  -TtQm,  to 
hold  together;  matrimonia  co- 
ercere,  to  restrain  their  wives 

cogito,  -arg,  -avi,  -atfim,  to 
think 

cognati5,  -onis  (f),  kindred; 
7'elatives 

cognatus,  -i  (m.),  a  kinsman 

cognomlno,  -are,  -avi,  -atfim, 
to  surname,  name 

cognosco,  -6r5,  cognovi,  cogni- 
ttim,  to  know,  to  learn;  to  in- 


vestigate; causam  cognosc6re, 
to  investigate  a  case 
cOgo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactum,  to 
bring  together,  to  compel 


cohortor, 
exhort 


collaudo,  -are. 


-ari,  -attis  siim,   to 


-avi,  -atum,  to 


praise 
colligo,  -ere,  coUSgi,  collecttiin, 

to  collect 
collis,  -  (m.),  a  hill 
collocS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

place;  filiam  collocare,  to  give 

one's  daughter  in  marriage 
coll6quitim,-i  {ii.)^a  conversation 
coUoquor,  -i,  collocutiis  sum,  to 

parley,  confer;  to  speak  to;  col- 

loquendi  copia,  opportunity  of 

a  conference 
colliim,  -i  (n.),  the  neck 
colo,  -ere,  colui,  cultum,  to  till, 

cultivate;  amicitiam  colore,  to 

cultivate  friendship 
colubra,  -ae  (f ),  a  snake 
columbS,;  -ae  (f ),  a  dove,  pigeon 
cSlumelia,  -ae  (f),  a  pillar 
columns,,  -ae  (f.),  a  column 
colGs,  -i  (f.),  a  distaff 
comburo,  -ere,  combussi,  com- 

bustum,  to  burn  wholly 
comgdo,  -ere,  c6m6di,  comSsiim 

(comestum),  to  eat 
comds,  -itis   (m.  &  f.),   o,  com- 
panion 
commeatfis,  -us  (m.),  provisions 
commgmoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  make  mention  of,  to  relate 
commendo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  commend 
commercitim,  -i  (n.),  trade;  com- 

mercium    mutuarum     rerum, 

trade  by  exchange  of  goods 


—    132 


commgreo,  -er6,  -tii,  -Itflm,  to 

deserve  [soldier 

commilito,  -onis  (m.),  a  fellow- 

committo,  -ere,-  commlsi,  com- 
missum,  to  commit,  intrust; 
salutem  committere,  to  intrust 
one's  safety;  proelium  commit- 
tere, to  commence  a  battle;  to 
fight  a  battle;  se  committere, 
to  intrust  one's  self 

CommiQs,  -i  (m.),  Commius 

commode,  well 

commodum,  -i  (n.),  interest 

commodQs,  -&,  -liin,  convenient 

commottis,  -&,  -iiiii,  thoroughly 
roused 

commovfio,  -ere,  commovi,  com- 
motttm,  to  move  (thoroughly) 

communico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
to  impart;  to  communicate 

communis,  -e,  common 

commQto,  -are,  -avi,  -atGm,  to 
change 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
compare 

compello,  -ere,  compuli,  com- 
pulsum,  to  drive;  to  compel 

compensati5,-onis  (f.),  exchange, 
barter 

compesco,  -ere,  compescui,  (no 
sup.),  to  restrain 

complures,  -a,  several 

concede,  -ere,  concessi,  conces- 
siim,  to  concede;  in  imperium 
concedgre,  to  consent  to  the 
government 

conciliflm,  -i  (n.),  an  assembly; 
a  company 

concinne,  elegantly 

concipio,  -ere,  concgpi,  concep- 
tum,  to  take  in;  fraudem  con- 
cipere,  to  commit  a  crime 


concit5r,  -5ris  (m.),  an  exciter 
concordans,  -tis,  harmonizing 
Concordia,  -ae  (f.),  concord,  har- 

mony 
concors,  -dis,  united  in  heart; 

concordi  ammo,  of  one  mind 
concubius,  -3.,  -Giii,   belonging 

to  the  time  of  sleep;  concubia 

nocte,  in  the  first  sleep 
concupisco,  -gre,  concupivT,  con- 

cupitum,  to  covet 
concurro,  -erg,  concurri  (conctl- 

curri),    coucursum,    to    rush 

together 
concursus,  -fis  (m.),  a  rush,  a 

gathering 
conderano,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  condemn 
condiciO,  -onis  (f.),  an  option^ 

a  condition;  condicio  ponitur, 

a  choice  is  left 
condlmentiim,  -i  (n.),  a  spice 
condio,   -ire,   -ivi,  -itum,    to 

season 
conditor,  -oris  (m.),  a  founder 
condo,  -SrS,  condidi,  conditum, 

to  found,  build;  moenia  con- 

dere,   to  build  walls;   (of  the 

dead)  to  bury 
confectus,  -a,  -um,  worn  out 
confSro,  -re,   contidi,    collatiim, 

to  bring  together,  to  unite;  col- 

latis  viribus,  with  united  forces; 

se  conlerre,  to  betake  one's  selj 
confessiO,  -onis    (f.),  a   confes- 
sion 
conficio,  -ere,  confeci,  confec- 

tuni,  to  end,  finish 
confido,  -gre,  confisiis  sum,  to 

trust,  confide 
confiteSr,  -eri,  confessus  sum, 

to  confess 


133 


conflfio,  -ere,  confluxi,   conflu- 

xum,  to  flock  together 
confodio,  -ere,  confodi,  confos- 

sum,  to  stab,  pierce 
confugio, -ere,  confugT,  (no  sup.), 

to  take  refuge 
congredior,  -T,  congressus  sum, 

to  engage 
congrossiO,  -onis  (f.),  an  attack 
conjectura,  -ae  (f.),  a  conjecture 
conjTcio,   -ere,    conjeci,   conjec- 

tum,  to  throw,  to  thrust  into 
conjungo,   -ere,   conjunxi,   con- 

junctum,  to  connect 
conjunx  (conjux),  conjugis  (f.),  a 

wife;    conjugem     ducere,     to 

marry 
conjiiratiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  conspir- 
acy 
conlido,  -6re,  conlisi,  conllsum, 

to  dash  together 
conpello,  -ere,  conpuli,   conpiil- 

sum,  to  compel 
conpendium,  -i  (n.),  a  short  cut 
conpes,  -edis  (f.),  a  fetter 
conpono,  -ere,  conposui,  conpo- 

situm,  to  get  up 
conprehendo,  -ere,  conpreliendi, 

conprehensum,  to  seize 
conqulsltus,    -a,    -um,     select, 

choice 
consangumeus,  -i  (m.),  a  kins- 
man, relative 
coiiscendo,  -ere,  conscendi,  con- 

scensuin,    to   mount;    navem 

conscendere,   to  go  on  hoard 

ship 
conscisco,  -ere,  conscivi,  consci- 

tum,  to  procure;  mortem  sibi 

consciscere,     to     bring    death 

upon  one's  self 
cousciiis,  -i  (m.),  an  accomplice 


consectSr,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
pursue 

consenesco,  -ere,  conseniii,  (no 
sup.),  to  grow  old 

consentio,  -Ire,  consensT,  consen- 
sum,  to  agree 

consequor,  -i ,  consecutus  sum, 
to  obtain,  to  reach;  to  follow, 
overtake 

consero,  -ere,  conseriiT,  conser- 
tum,  to- join;  manum  conse- 
rere,  to  join  battle 

consilium,-!  (n.),  apian,  design, 
deliberation,  skill;  humanum 
consilium,  human  understand- 
ing; superioris  temporis  consi- 
lium, a  purpose  of  former 
times;  magnitudo  consilli, 
amount  of  prudence 

consisto,  -ere,  constiti,  (no  sup.), 
to  stand  (still),  halt;  in  flucti- 
bus  consistere,  to  maintain  the 
position  among  the  waves; 
consistens  in  loco,  standing 
still  in  one  place;  consistere 
in,  to  consist  in 

consoler,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
console 

consopio,  -Tre,  -Tvi,  -itum,  to 
lull  to  sleep;  somno  consopiri, 
to  fall  asleep 

conspectus,-us  (m.),  sight,  view; 
in  conspectum  admittere,  to  ad- 
mit to  one's  presence 

conspicio,  -ere,  conspexT,  con- 
spectum, to  see 

consplrati5,-oiiis  (f.),  a  conspir- 
acy 

conspire,  -are,-avi,  -atum,  to 
enter  into  a  conspiracy 

constantia,  -ae  (f.),  self -co  m- 
7nand 


—    134   — 


constitiio,  -6re,  constitui,  con- 
titutum,  to  appoint;  rem  con- 
stituere,  to  arrange  an  affair, 
fix  a  matter;  navem  constituere, 
to  moor  or  station  a  ship; 
supplicium  constitugre,  to  im- 
pose a  punishment;  concor- 
diam  constitu6re,  to  establish 
harmony 

consto,  -ar6,  constiti,  (no  sup.), 
to  standfast,  consist;  constat, 
it  is  an  established  fact 

consuesco,  -ere,  consiievi,  con- 
suetum,  to  accustom  one's  self 

consuetude,  -iiiis  (f.),  a  custom; 
consuetudo  propinquorum,  so- 
cial intercourse  of  relatives 

consulo,  -ere,  consului,  consul- 
turn,  to  consult;  reipublicae 
consulgre,  to  consult  the  inter- 
est of  the  state;  sibi  consulere, 
to  consult  one's  own  interest; 
to  take  care  of  one's  self 

consummo,  -are,  -avT,  -atum, 
to  consummate,  complete 

consumo,  -ere,  consumpsi,  con- 
sumptiim,  to  consume;  op6ram 
consumere,  to  take  pains 

consurgo,  -ere,  consurrexi,  con- 
surrectuni,  to  stand  up  for 

contaglO,  -onis  (f.),  connection 

contamino,  -are,  -avi,  -atfini, 
to  contaminate 

contego,  -ere,  contexi,  contec- 
tum,  to  cover  up,  conceal 

contemno,  -er6,  contempsT,  con- 
temptum,  to  despise 

contemptus,  -iis  (m.),  contempt 

contends,  -ere,  contendT,  conten- 
ttim,  to  make  Jor;  to  exert 
one's  self;  proficisci  contendit, 
lie  hastens  to  start 


contentiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  contest; 
contentio  vocis,  an  elevation  of 
the  voice 

contentius,  very  vigorously 

contentiis,  -3,,  -uni,  contented 

conterritus,  -a,  -um,  alarmed 

contestor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
invoke 

contineo,  -ere,  -ui,  contentum, 
to  contain;  plebem,  rempubli- 
cam  continere,  to  control  the 
people;  animam  contingre,  to 
arrest  the  current  of  air;  con- 
tineri  (pass.),  to  be  bounded, 
confined 

contingO,  -er6,  contigi,  contac- 
tum,  to  fall  to  one's  lot;  con- 
tingit,  it  happens 

continuatiO,  -onis  (f.) ,  a  contin- 
uous outflow 

contlnuiis,  -3»,  -um,  uninter- 
rupted 

contid,  -onis  (f.),  an  assembly 

contiOnSr,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
harangue 

contra,  with  ace,  against;  contra 
Galliam,  over  against  Gaul; 
contra,  adv.,  just  the  contrary, 
on  the  other  side,  in  return 

contraho,  -ere,  contraxi,  con- 
tractuHi,  to  collect,  concen- 
trate; pestem  contrahgre,  to 
generate  a  plague;  auxilia  con- 
trahgre,  to  collect  forces;  na- 
ves contrahgre,  to  concentrate 
ships 

contrarius,  -S.,  -um,  opposite 

contrOversia,  -ae  (f.),  a  dispute^ 
question 

contiimax,  -acis,  insolent;  as  a 
noun,  a  refractory  child 

contumglia,  -ae  (f.),  contumely 


135 


convalesce,  -erg,  convalfii,  (no 
sup.),  to  gain  strength 

convena,  -ae  (m.  &  f.),  coming 
together;  pL,  runaway  stran- 
gers 

convenio,  -Tre,  conveni,  conven- 
tum,  to  agree;  to  come  to- 
gether^ to  assemble;  convenit, 
it  is  becoming 

converto,  -ere,  convert!,  conver- 
sum,  to  turn 

convexum,  -i  (n.),  a  hollow 

convicium,  -i  (n.),  railing,  hard 
speeches 

convlviiim,  -i  (n.),  a  feast,  ban- 
quet 

convlvor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
take  meals  together 

convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
call  together 

convulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
to  wound  severely 

copia,  -ae  (f.),  abundance;  copia 
colloquendi,  opportunity  of  a 
conference;  copTae,  -arum, 
forces;  property 

coquo,  -ere,  coxT,  coctum,  to 
cook 

corium,  -1  (n.),  a  hide 

cornu,  -us  (n.),  a  horn;  ramosa 
cornua,  antlers 

corona,  -ae  (f),  a  wreath 

corono,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
crown 

corrTpio,  -ere,  corripui,  correp- 
tum,  to  seize 

corruptus,  -a,  -um,  corrupt 

corpus,  -oris  (n.),  a  body 

corvus,  -1  (m.),  a  crow 

cotidianus,  -a,  -um,  daily 

Cotta,  -ae  (m.),  Cottaj  a  Roman 
surname 


Cranaus,  -i  (m.),  Granaus,  king 
of  Athens 

credens,  -tis,  full  of  confidence 

credo,  -gre,  credidi,  creditum, 
to  credit,  believe,  intrust;  ne- 
mini  credgre,  to  trust  no  one 

credulus,  -a,  -um,  credulous; 
convivia  credula,  trusting  ban- 
quets 

cremo,  -arS,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
burn 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
create;  magistratus,  duces  cre- 
are,  to  appoint  magistrates, 
leaders 

crepusculum,  -i  (n.),  twilight 

cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretum,  to 
grow;  to  make  progress,  im- 
prove 

Creta,  -ae  (f.),  Crete 

Crito,  -onis  (m.),  Crito,  a  friend 
of  Socrates 

cruciatus,  -us  (m.),  torture 

crudelis,  -e,  cruel 

crudelitas,  -atis  (f.),  cruelty 

cruenttis,  -S,  -um,  bloody 

crudr,  -oris  (m.),  gore 

crus,  -Uris  (n.),  a  leg 

crux,  crucis  (f.),  a  cross 

Ctesiphon,  -ontis  (m.),  Ctesi- 
phon,  a  friend  of  Demosthenes 

cubicularis,  -e,  pertaining  to  a 
sleeping  chamber;  lectus  cubi- 
cularis, a  bed 

cubiculum,  -i  (n.),  a  chamber 

cubitum,  -i  (n.),  a  cubit 

culmen,  -inis  (n.),  a  roof 

cultus,-iis  (m.),  cultivation, care; 
literarum  cultus,  the  cultiva- 
tion of  science 

cultus,  -S,,  -urai,  cultivated;  cul- 
tius,  moi^e  elegantly 


—    136 


cum,  with  abl.,  hjUIi 

cum,  conjunction,  when^  as;  though 

cunctor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
delay,  hesitate 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  all  (together) 

cupldltas,  -atis  (f.),  eagerness; 
ambition;  greed;  cupiditas  fu- 
giendi,  desire  to  flee;  imperii 
cupiditas,  ambition  for  power; 
cupiditas  pecuniae,  eagerness 
for  money;  cupiditates  impo- 
tentium,  the  passions  of  those 
who  are  not  master  of  them- 
selves 

CLipidus,  -si,  -um,  desirous 

cupio,  -ere,  cupivi,  cupittim,  to 
wish 

cur,  why 

euro,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to  take 
care  of  care  for;  to  have  (a 
thing  done);  to  order 

curriis,  -iis  (m.),  a  chariot 

cursiis,-us  (m.),  a  run,  a  course; 
cursum  tenere,  to  hold  on  one's 
way;  cursus  ad  EurOtam,  run- 
ning on  the  banks  of  the  Euro- 
tas;  cursus  levis,  nimble  run- 
ning 

custodia,  -ae  (f.),  protection, 
care;  custodia  corp(3ris,  life- 
guard; custodia  divitiarum,  the 
keeping  of  riches;  custodia 
publica,  the  public  prison 

custos,  -odis  (m.  &  f.),  a  guard 

Cyclopes,  -um  (m.  pi.),  the  Cy- 
clops, a  gigantic  race  of  Sicily 

cycnus,  -i  (m.),  a  swan 

Cyneglriis,  -i  (m.),  Cynegirus, 
an  Athenian  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon 

Cypriiis,  -a,  -umi,  Cyprian 


Cyprus,    -i    (f.),    the    island  of 

Cyprus 
Cyrus,  -1  (m.),  Cyrus,  first  king 

of  Persia 

D. 

daemonium,  -T  (n.),  a  demon 
damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   to 

find  guilty,  condemn 
damnum,  -i  (n.),  a  loss 
Damocles,  -is  (m.),  Damocles,  a 

courtier   of  the  tyrant  Diony- 

sius 
Damon,  -ouis    (m.),  Damon,    a- 

Pythagorean  in  the  time  of  Dio- 

nysius 
Dareiis,    -i    (m.),    Dareus,    the 

name  of  several  Persian  kings 
de,  with  abl, /rom;  0/ (partitive); 

concerning,  about;  victoria  do 

Persis,  a  victory  over  the  Per- 
sians 
debeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itum,  to  owe; 

to  be  obliged;  pass,  be  owing, 

due 
dec6do,-ere,  decessi,  dGcessum, 

to  depart,  to  die 
decem,  ten 
decerno,   -ere,    decrevT,    decre- 

tum,  to  decree;  classem  decer- 

nere,   to    determine  upon   the 

building  of  a  fleet 
deciens  centum  milia,  1.000.000 
decimus,  -a,  -um,  the  tenth 
decipio,-ere,  decGpi,  deceptum, 

to  deceive 
declamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

declaim 
declaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

declare,  manifest 
decoro,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,   to 

distinguish,  decorate 


137 


decretum,  -i  (n.),  a  decree 

decurro,  -ere,  dScurri  (decu- 
curri),  decursum,  to  run  down 

decus,  -oris  (n.),  grace 

dedecus,  -oris  (n.),  disgrace;  in- 
famy; naturae  dedecus,  mon- 
ster of  nature 

dediti5,  -onis  (f.),  a  capitulation 

deditus,  -a,  -um,  given 

deduco,  -ere,  deduxi,  deductum, 
to  draw  down;  coplas  dedu- 
cere,  to  march  the  troops;  in 
agrum  deducere,  to  bring  into 
the  country;  auxilia  deduc6re, 
to  withdraw  troops  \tion 

defecti5,-onis  (f.),  a  revolt^  defec- 

defectus,  -a,  -um,  stricken  in 

defendo,  -ere,  defend!,  defen- 
sum,  to  protect  from;  bellum 
defendere,  to  repel  a  war 

defero,  -re,  detuli,  delatum,  to 
bring;  deferre  ad,  to  bring  be- 
fore; rem  deferre,  to  make  a 
report;  inde  deferre,  to  draw 
from  thence;  in  Africae  sinum 
delatus,  having  been  carried 
into  a  bay  of  Africa 

deficio,  -ere,  defeci,  defecttiin, 
to  fail;  tempus  anni  deficit,  the 
season  is  too  late 

deflagro,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
burn  down 

deflens,  -tis,  weeping 

defluo,  -ere,  defluxi,  defluxum, 
to  glide  down 

deformis,  -e,  disfigured 

defungor,  -i,  defunctiis  sum,  to 
have  done  with,  to  discharge; 
(morte)  defungi,  to  die 

dego,  -ere,  degi,  (no  sup.),  to 
spend  (time);  vitam  degere, 
to  pass  one's  life 


degusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

taste 
dein,  deinde,  then,  after,   there- 

upon 
deinceps,  after  that 
dejicio,  -ere,  dojeci,  dejectftm, 

to  throw  down 
delatus,  -a,  -um,  having  been 

carried 
delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

delight 
delectus, -a, -um,  selected,  choice 
deleo,  -ere,  delevi,  deletum,  to 

destroy,  annihilate 
dellbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

deliberate 
deligo,  -6re,  delegi,  delectiim, 

to  appoint;  to  choose,  select 
delitiis,  -a,  -um,  smeared  over 
Delium,  -i  (n.),  Delium,  a  small 

place  in  Boeotia 
Delphi,  -orum  (m.  pi.),  Delphi, 

the  famous  city  of  the  oracle  of 

Apollo 
Delphlciis,  -sl,  -um,  Delphic 
delubrum,-i  {n.),ashrine,  temple 
demando,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 

intrust;  insulae  demandare,  to 

send  to  an  island  for  safety 
Demanittis,  -i  (m.),  Demaratus 
dementia, -ae  (f.),  insanity,  mad- 
ness 
Demetrius,  -i  (m.),  Demetrius, 
the  name  of  several  Greeks 
demitto -erg,  demisi,  demissum, 

to  let  down 
demo,  -ere,  dempsi,  demptiim, 

to  take  off,  away 
demonstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  demonstrate,  point  out 
Demophoon,  -ontis  (m.).  Demo- 

phoon,  son  of  Theseus 


138    — 


Demosthenes,  -Is  (m.),  Demos- 

theyies,  1.  an  Athenian  general, 

2.  the  most  celebrated  of  the 

Grecian  orators 
demiim,  at  last 
deniqug,  in  fine 
dens,  -tis  (m.),  a  tooth;  tusk 
denuntiO,  -arg,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

give  notice 
denuo,  again 
depono,  -ere,  depostii,  dep6si- 

tum,  to  give  up;  in  terra  de- 

ponere,  to  put  on  shore 
derlsus,  -us  (m.),  derision 
derogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

withhold;  fidem   derogare,   to 

withhold  the  credit 
descendo,  -ere,    descendl,    de- 

scensum,  to  go  down,  to  come 

down 
desero,-er6,  des6rui,  desertum, 

to  abandon,  forsake;   bellum 

deserere,  to  give  up  war 
deserter,  -oris  (m.),  a  runaway 
desertus,  -&,  -tim,  forsaken;  de- 

sertus    viribus,    his    strength 

gone 
desldero,  -arS,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

require 
desTdia,  -ae  (f.),  sloth 
desido,  -gre,  desSdi,  (no  sup.),   to 

si7ik,  to  tumble  down 
desilio,  -ire,  desiltii,  desultum, 

to  jump  down 
desperatid,  -onis  (f.),  hopeless- 
ness 
despicio,  -€re,  despexi,  despec- 

tum,  to  despise 
destine,  -arg,  -avi,  -atGm,  to 

destine 
destituo,  -grS,  destitui,  destita- 

tum,  to  forsake 


destitvLttLSj-SL^-iiin,  disappointed 

dSsum,  deesse,  defui,  (no  sup.),  to 
be  wanting,  to  fail 

detSgo,  -ere,  dgtexi,  detectum, 
to  expose 

deterreo,  -ere,  -uT,  -ittim,  to 
deter 

detineo,  -erS,  detiniii,  deten- 
tum,  to  keep  back 

detorqueo,  -erg,  detorsT,  detor- 
tum,  to  turn  away 

detraho,  -erg,  detraxi,  detrac- 
tGm,  to  take  away 

detritus,  -a,  -um,  galled 

Deucalion -onis  (ra.),Z)ewcaZi07i, 
son  of  Prometheus,  famous  on 
account  of  the  deluge 

deiis,  -i  (m.),  God 

deverto,  -gre,  deverti,  dever- 
sum,  to  put  up 

devinco,  -erg,  devici,  devictiim, 
to  defeat 

deviQs,  -S.,  -tlm,  out  of  the  way; 
iter  devium,  a  by-way 

devoro,  -are,  -avi,  -attim,  to 
devour 

dexter,  -3,,  -um,  right;  dextra, 
sc.  manus,  the  right  hand 

Diana, -ae  (f.),  Diana,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter 

dico,  -erg,  dixi,  dictum,  to  say, 
call;  jus  dic6re,  to  pronounce 
judgment,  to  administer  jus- 
tice 

dico,  -arg,  -avi,  -atum,  to  ded- 
icate 

dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -attim,  to 
say 

dictiim,  -i  (n.),  a  saying 

dies,-ei  (m.  &  f.),  a  day;  in  dies, 
from  day  to  day;  ad  diem,  on 
the  appointed  day 


139    — 


differo,  -re,  distuli,  dilatum,  to 
defer;  differre  a,  to  he  different 
from;  multura  differre,  to  differ 
widely 

difficilTs,  -e,  difficidt 

dilficiiltas,  -atis  (f.),  a  difficulty 

diffisus,  -a,  -iiin,  distruHting 

difFusiis,  -a,  -iiiii,  diffused 

digitus,  -i  (m.),  a  finger 

dignitas,  -atis  (f.),  a  position, 
dignity;  imperatoria  dignitas, 
generalship 

digniis,  -a,  -um,  worthy,  worth 

dllabor,  -i,  dllapsus  sum,  to  scat- 
ter 

dilatiO, -onis  (f.),  a  2)^tting  off, 
postponement 

dlligens,  -tis,  careful;  diligenter, 
carefully;  comp.  diligentius, 
superl.  diligentissime 

diligentia,  -ae  (f.),  diligence 

dlligo,  -ere,  dilexi,  dilectum,  to 
esteem,  highly;  to  like 

dimensio,  -onTs  (f.),  a  measuring 

dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
fight;  dimicatum  est,  there  was 
a  contest 

dimitto,  -ere,  dimisi,  dlmissum, 
to  let  go,  dismiss 

Dionysiiis,-!  (m.),  Bionysius,  the 
name  of  two  tyrants  of  Syracuse 

dIrimo,-ere,  dIremT,dirempttitn, 
to  separate 

diripio,  -ere,  dlripiii,  dlreptum, 
to  plunder 

dirtis,  -a,  -um,  fearful 

discedo,  -ere,  discessi,  disces- 
sum,  to  depart,  to  separate;  a 
bello  discedere,  to  lay  doivn 
arms;  sine  querella  discedere, 
to  come  off  without  complaint 

discesstis,  -us  (m.),  a  departure 


discipline,  -ae  (f.),  discipline 
disco,  -ere,   didici,    (no  sup.),  to 

learn 
discordia,  -ae  (f.),  disagreement, 

d iscord,  d,  isse 1 1 s  i o n 
dlsertus,  -a,  -um,  eloquent 
displiceo,   -ere,  -uT,  -itum,  to 

displease 
dispiito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   to 

discuss 
dissensiO,  -onis  (f.),  difference  of 

opinion 
dissero,   -ere,   dissgrui,    disser- 

tum,  to  discoui^se 
dissimfdo,   -are,  -avi,  -atiim, 

to  dissemble;  dissimulatus,  -a, 

-um,  concealed 
dissipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

scatter 
dissolutus,  -a,  -um,  loose 
dissolve,  -ere,  dissolvi,  dissSlu- 

tum,  to  abolish  (of  laws) 
distraho,  -ere,  distraxi,  distrac- 

tiim,  to  draw  (in  diflferent  di- 
rections) 
distribuo,  -ere,  distrlbui,  distri- 

butum,  to  divide,  distribute 
dm,   for  a  long  time;    diutius, 

somewhat  long,  a  considerable 

time 
diversus,  -S,  -um,  contrary,  op. 

posite,  different 
dives,  -itis,  rich 
divide,  -ere,  dIvTsi,  divTsum,  to 

divide 
divinatiO,  -onis  (f),  divination 
dlvino,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,   to 

divine;  quiddam  divlnans,  some 

touch  of  divination 
divlnfls,  -Sl,  -um,  divine;  divi- 

num  quiddam,  a  divine  some- 
thing 


140 


divitiae,  -arum  (f.  pL),  riches 
do,  -are,  dedi,  datum,  to  give; 

terga  dare,  to  tarn  the  hack; 

senteutiam  judicibus   dare,    to 

charge  a  jury;  se  dare,  to  give 

one's  self  up;  primas  dare,  to 

give  the  first  place;    poeuas 

dare,    to    suffer   punishment; 

veniam  dare,  to  forgive 
doceo,  -ere,  docui,  doctiim,  to 

teach;  to  show 
doctor,  -oris  (m.),  a  teacher 
doctus,  -a,  -iim,  learned 
dociimentum,  -i  (ii.),  a  lesson^  an 

example 
doleiidiis,  -a,  -um,  deplorable 
doleo,  -ere,  -ui,  (no  sup.),  to  he 

grieved,  to  lament^  to  rue  for 
dolor,  -oris  (m.),  paln^  gvief 
dolosiis,  -a,  -um,  cuyining 
dolus,  -1  (m.),  a  trick,  wile;  per 

dolura,  deceitfully 
doinesticus,  -a,  -um,  belonging 

to  a  family,  domestic,  private; 

domesticus   judex,    a    family 

judge 
doiiiliiatTO,  -oms,  (f.),  dominion 
domTaatiis,  -iis  (m.),  dominion 
domTritis,  -i  (m.),  a  lord,  master 
domo,  -are,   domui,   domitiim, 

to  subdue 
domus,  -iis  (f.),  a  house;  domi, 

at  home;  domum,  home;  domo, 

f7^om  home 
donee,  until 

donum,  -i  (n.),  ci  gift,  p>'i^6sent 
Dorienses,   -ium    (m.    pi.),    tlte 

Dorians 
Doris,  -idis  (f.),  Boris,  wife  of 

Dionysius 
dormio,  -ire,   -xvi,    -itum,    to 

dleep 


dos,  dotis  (f),  a  dowry 

draco,  -ouis   (m.),   a  dragon,  a 

sort  of  serpent 
Draco,    -ouis   (m.),   Draco,   the 

Athenian  lawgiver 
DrLiides,-um  (m.  pi.),  the  Druids, 

priests   and  wise   men  of  the 

Gauls 
dubltatiO,  -onis  (f.),  hesitation; 

sine  dubitatione,  promptly 
dubito,  -are,   -avi,   -atum,    to 

doubt,  hesitate 
dubius,  -a,  -um,   doubtful,  un- 
decided;   dubius   consilii,   wa- 

veriiig  in  ojjlnion 
ducenti,  -ae  -a,  two  hundred 
diico,    -ere,    duxi,   ductiim,    to 

lead;  to  deem,  to  conclude;  con- 

jugem   ducere,   to   marry;    in 

numero  ducere,  to  count  among; 

aevum  sollicitum  ducere,  to  lead 

a  life  of  care 
dulcedo,  -iuis  (f.),  dellghtfulness, 

charm 
dulcis,  -e,  sweet 
dilm,  while,  as  long  as;  until 
duo,  -ae,  -6,  two;  duodequadra- 

ginta,  thirty  eight 
duplex,  -icis,  double 
duro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  last 
durus,  -a,  -um,  hard,  hardy 
dux,  duds  (m.),  a  leader;  ducera 

praeponere,  to  put  in  command 

E. 

e,  see  ex 

ebrietas,  -atis  (f.),  drunkenness 

edico,  -ere,  edixi,  edictum,  to 

order 
edisco,  -ere,  edidici,  (no  sup.),  to 

learn  by  heart 
editus,  -a,  -um,  elevated 


—    141 


Scio,  -ere,  eclT,  esum,  to  eat 

edo,  -ere,  eclTdi,  gditiim,  to 
give  out;  caedem  edere,  to 
brHng  forth  a  defeat;  to  cause  a 
slaughter;  orationem  edere,  to 
deliver  an  oration;  vocem 
edere,  to  exclaim 

educo,  -are,  -avT,  -atiiin,  to 
hring  up 

educo,  -ere,  eduxT,  eductiim,  to 
march  out,  to  lead  out 

eflfero,  -re,  extidi,  elatura,  to 
carry  out  (for  burial) ;  to  bury 

eflficio,  ^ere,  effeci,  effectum,  to 
make,  voork  out,  effect,  com- 
plete; efficitur,  it  follows,  it  is 
understood 

eflflgies,  -ei  (f.),  an  image 

egeo,  -ere,  -ui,  (no  sup.),  to  he  in  j 
want 

eggro,  -ere,  egessT,  egestum,  to 
bring  out  (in  heaps);  to  dis- 
charge 

ego,  J 

egredior,  -i,  egressus  sum,  logo 
out,marchout;  navibus  egredi, 
to  land,  to  disembark;  in  proe- 
liura  egredi,  to  march  out  to 
battle 

egregius,  -S.,  -um,  excellent; 
multa  egregia,  many  excellent 
deeds 

elaboro,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
elaborate,  work  out 

EleusTnius,  -a,  -ilm,  Eleusinian 

Eleusis,  -iiiis  (f.),  Eleusis,  a 
very  ancient  city  of  Attica 

elevo,  -are,  (no  perf),  -atiim,  to 
disparage,  make  light  of;  ver- 
bis elevare,  to  cry  doum 

gligo,  -ere,  6legi,  electum,  to 
choose,  pick 


Elissa,  -ae  (f.),  Elissa,  another 

name  for  Dido,  the  celebrated 

foundress  of  Carthage 
eloglum,  -i  (n.),  a  saying 
eloquentia,  -ae  (f),  eloquence 
61  Lido,   -ere,   elusi,   elusum,  to 

baffle 
emico,  -are,  emlcQi,  emlcatuni, 

to  shine  forth 
emineo,  -ere,  -uT,  (no  sup.),  to  be 

conspicuous 
emitto,  -ere,  emlsi,  emissum^  to 

send  forth;  to  let  go 
emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptiini,  to  buy 
cmptiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  purchase 
enascor,  -i,  enatus  sum,  to  grow 

up 
60,  Ire,  Ivi,  itum,  to  go,  march 
CO,  to  that  place,  thither 
Ephgsiiis,   -a,   -um,    Ephesian, 

pertaining  to  Ephesus  in  Asia 

Minor 
Epidauriis,  -T  (f.),  Epidaurus,  a 

city  in  Argolis 
epistula,  -ae  (f.),  a  letter 
epidae,  -arum  (f.  pi.),  a  (sump- 
tuous) feast,  a  repast;   conqui- 

sitisslmae  epidae,    the  choicest 

dishes 
epillor,   -ari,  epulatus  sum,  to 

feast  up)on 
eques,  -itis  (m.),   a  horseman; 

equTtes,  cavalry 
equidem,  I  for  my  part 
equiniis,  -a,  — uni,  of  a  horse; 

saeta  equina,  a  horse-hair 
equitatus,  -us  (ra.),  cavalry 
equiis,  -T  (m.),  a  horse 
erado,  -ere,   erasT,  erasiim,  to 
^  scrape  off 
Erechtheus,-ei  [m.),Erechtheus, 

an  ancient  king  of  Athens 


-    142    -- 


ergastiiliini,  -I(n.),  a  workhouse 

ergo,  therefore 

eripio,  -ere,  eriptiT,  ereptflm, 
to  set  free,  deliver 

eructo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
throw  up 

erudio,  -ire,  -ivT,  -itum,  to  in- 
struct 

Grudltus, -3., -um,  accomplished, 
learned 

€ru6,  -ere,  eruT,  griituni,  to  drag 

escS.,  -ae  (f.),  food  [out 

essgdarliis,  -i  (m.),  a  charioteer, 
one  who  fights  from  an  essedum 

esto,  let  it  he  so;  well 

esurlens,  -tis,  hungry 

6t,  and 

gtiam,  also,  even 

etai,  although 

EurOpa,  -ae  (f.),  Europe 

Eurotas,  -ae  (f.),  Eurotas,  a 
river  in  Laconia 

Eurymgdon,  -ontis  (m.),  Eury- 
medon,  an  Athenian  general 

evehor,  -T,  evectus  sura,  <o  ride, 
sail  oat 

6v6nio,  -ire,  6veni,  Cventum,  to 
turn  out,  happen 

eventus,  -us  (m.),  an  issue,  suc- 
cess 

6v6co,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
summon,  call  out 

6v61o,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
rush  out 

ex  (before  vowels  and  conso- 
nants), 6  (before  consonants), w. 
abl.,  out  of,  from  out  of,  on  the 
side  of;  in  accordance  with 

exaestuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
boil  up 

exardesco,  -ere,  exarsi,  exar- 
stim,  to  be  incensed 


exaudio,  -ire,  --Tvi,  ^itttm,  to  hear 

excedo,   -ere,    excessi,    exces- 

sum,  to  dejMrt 
excldo,  -ere,  excldi,  excisumi, 

to  extirpate 
excTpio,-ere,exc6pi,  exceptum, 

to  catch;  to  take  uj) 
cxcQso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
apologize,  to  plead  in  defense 
exemplum,  -i  (n.),  an  example 
exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  to  go  out, 
march  off;  ex  urbe  exire,  to 
leave  the  city 
exerceo,  -er6,  -ui,   -itum,  to 
exercise,  practice;  regna  ex- 
ercere,  to  tyrannize;  imperlum 
exerc6re,  to  enforce  the  power 
exercitatus,  -&,  -um,  practised 
exercltus,  -us  (m.),  an  army 
exigo,  -ere,  ex6gi,  exactum,  to 
exact;    pueritiam   exigere,   to 
spend  one's  boyhood 
cxiguiis,  -a,  -um,  small 
exiraius,-a,-um,  extraordinary 
eximo,  -ere,  exemi,  exemptum, 

to  take  from 
exinteratus,-a,  -um,  eviscerated 
existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

believe,  suppose 
exitium,  -i  (n.),  destruction 
exitiis,  -us  (m.),  an  outlet,  exit 
exorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

adorn 
exoro,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,  to 

beg  earnestly 
expeditus,  -a,  -um,  unimpeded^ 
free;  omnibus  membrls  expe- 
ditus, having  the  free  use  of  all 
one's  limbs;  motus  ad  usum 
expeditior,  movement  quicker 
for  use,  i.  e.,  more  easy  to  be 
managed 


—    143    — 


expello,  -er6,  expuli,  expulsum, 
to  drive  out 

expgrlmontuin,  -i  (n.),  a  trial, 
experiment 

expgridr,  -iri,  expertiis  sum,  to 
try,  experience 

expeiTectiis,-3;,  -tim,  awakened 

expers,  -tis,  having  no  share  in 

expio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  ex- 
piate 

expilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
plunder 

explore,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
explore,  examine 

expOno,  -gre,  exposui,  exposi- 
tum,  to  expose,  to  explain;  co- 
pias  expongre,  to  draw  up 
forces 

exposco,  -erg,  expoposci,  (no 
sup.),  to  implore 

expositiO, -onis  (f.),  an  exposing 

expugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
take  by  storm;  to  subdue 

exsScrdr,  -  ari,  -atus  sum,  to 
curse 

exsilitim,  -i  (n.),  exile 

exsisto,  -ere,  exstlti,  (no  sup.),  to 
rise,  exist 

exspectatiO,  -onis  (f.),  expecta- 
tion 

exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
expect,  to  wait;  non  exspec- 
tato,  without  waiting  any 
longer;  non  exspectandus,  un- 
expected; exspectare  in  ancoris, 
to  wait  at  anchor 

exspiro, -are, -avi, -atum,  to  die 

exstingiio,-ere,  exstinxi,  exstinc- 
tum,  to  put  out,  to  undo;  pass., 
to  die 

exstirpo,  -arS,  -avi,  -atQm,  to 
root  out 


exsto,  -are,  exstiti,  (no  sup.),  to 
he  extant,  to  exist 

exstruo,  -ere,  exstruxT,  exstruc- 
tum,  to  erect;  mensae  exstru- 
ebantur,  the  tables  were  heaped 

exsul,  -is  (m.),  an  exile 

exsiilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
live  in  exile 

extemplO,  forthwith 

externus,  -a,  -um,  external, 
foreign 

exterritus,  -&,  -um,  greatly  ter- 
rified 

extollo,  -ere,  (no  perf.  &  sup.),  to 
elevate;  in  majus  extollere,  to 
exaggerate 

extra,  with  ace,  outside  of 

extraho,  -ere,  extraxi,  extrac- 
tum,  to  draiv  out 

extremus,  -S,  -um,  last 

extundo,  -ere,  extiidi,  extusum, 
to  strike  out;  frontem  extun- 
d6re,  to  knock  out  the  brains 

F. 

fabellS,  -ae  (f.),  a  short  fable,  a 

tale 
fabrico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

build 
fabiiia,  -ae  (f.),  a  fable,  story 
fabidosiis,  -a,  -um,  fabulous 
facilis,  -e,  easy;  facile,  easily 
facilitas,  -atis  (f.),  facility,  read- 
iness 
facillime,  very  easily 
f acinus,   -oris  (n.),   a  deed;   a 

crime 
facio,  -ere,  feci,  factum,  to  do, 
make;  certiorem  fac6re,  to  in- 
form; classem  fac6re,  to  build 
a  fleet;  conspirationera  fac6re, 
to  form   a   conspiracy;    iter 


144   — 


facere,  to  travel;  bellum  facere, 
to  wage  war;  sacra  facere,  to 
sacrifice 

factiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  faction^  party 

factito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
practice;  studiOse  factitare,  to 
be  fond  of 

factum,  -i  (n.),  a  deed,  action, 
transaction 

facultas,  -atis  (f.),  opportunity, 
chance 

fallacia,  -ae  (f.),  deceit,  trickery 

fallo,  -ere,  fefellT,  falsum,  to 
deceive 

falx,  -CIS  (f.),  a  sicl'Ie 

faraa,  -ae  (f.),  fame,  report, 
rumor;  public  opinion,  re- 
nown; fama,  by  hearsay 

fumes,  -is  (f ),  hunger;  a  famiyie 

familla,  -ae  (f.),  the  slaves  in  a 
household;  the  family  serv- 
ants 

familiaris,  -e,  familiar;  (subst.) 
an  intimate  friend 

familTiirTtas,  -atis  (f.),  intimacy, 
fr ien dsh  ip;  acq u ai n ta nee 

faniiin,  -i  (ii.),  a  temple 

fas,  indecl.  allowable,  lawful,  right 

fastidio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -ituni,  to 
loathe,  despise 

fastlgTum,  -i  (n.),  a  top,  summit 

fatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
weary;  fatigatus,  wearied 

fatum,  -i,  (n.),  fate 

faux,  -CIS  (f ),  usually  faucCs  (pi.), 
jaiDs;  a  defile,  narroivs;  im- 
proba  faux,  voracity 

favdr,-oris  (m.), favor,  goodwill 

fellcitas,  -atis  (f.),  good  fortune; 
nascendi  felieitas,  a  lucky  cir- 
cumstance of  birth 

f^lmter^successfully 


felix,  -icis,  lucky,  happy 

fernmd,  -ae  (f.),  a  ivife,  woman, 
female;  canis  fernma,  a  she- 
dog 

fenestra,  -ae  (f.),  a  window 

fera,  -ae  (f.),  a  wild  beast 

ferax,-acis,  productive,  fruitful 

fgrg,  almost,  nearly 

fgritas,  -atis  (f ),  fierceness 

ferme,  about,  nearly 

fero,  -re,  tulT,  latum,  to  carry, 
bear-,  auxilium  ferre,  to  bring 
assistance;  legem  ferre,  aliquid 
ferre,  to  make  a  motion,  pro- 
pose a  law;  graviter  ferre,  to 
be  annoyed,  take  ill,  amiss;  in- 
digne  ferre,  to  take  ill;  in  sub- 
lime ferri,  to  be  borne  high  in 
the  air;  sententiam  ferre,  to 
give  one's  vote;  ferunt,  tJiey 
say;  fertur,  it  is  said;  fructum 
ferre,  to  bear  fruit 

ferOcitas,  -atis  (f.),  fierceness 

fermm,  -i  (n.),  i7'on,  a  sword,  a 
razor 

ferus,  -a,  -umi,  wild;  subst.  fe- 
rns, a  wild  beast,  especially  a 
lion 

fervens,  -tis,  foami7ig 

fessus,  -a,  -um,  weai^y 

fictus,  -a,  -um,  fictitious 

fid  el  is,  -e,  faithful 

fides,  -ei  (f.),  (good)  faith,  faith- 
fulness; summa  fide,  conscien- 
tiously; fides  pacis,  the  promise 
of  peace;  spectata  fides,  tried 
honesty;  fidem  servare,  to  keep 
a  promise;  fidem  habere,  to 
believe;  fides  mortis  adest,  the 
news  of  the  death  proves  to  be 
time;  fidem  populi  Romani  se- 
qui,  to  seek  the  protection  of  the 


^    145 


Roman  people;  in  fidem  rcci- 
p6re^  to  receive  under  protec- 
tion; Mem  derogare,  to  with- 
hold the  credit 
fiduci^,,  -ae  (f.),  confidence 
fldiis,  -3.,  -um,  faithful,  trusty 
figura,  -ae  (f.),  the  form 
filia,  -ae  (f.),  a  daughter 
fllliis,  -i  (m.),  a  son 
fing6,-ere,  finxi,  fictum,  to  feign 
flnio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  to  limit 
finis,  -  (ra.),  a  boundary,  end 
flnitimus,  -a,-uin,  neighboring; 

as  subst.,  a  neighbor 
fio,  fieri,  factiis  sum,  to  be  made 
or    done,    to     become;    to  be 
brought  about;  certiOrem  figri, 
to  be  informed 
firmo,   -are,  -avi,   -atiim,    to 
strengthen,    confirm;    firmare 
in  or  ad,  to  animate  to 
fiscus,  -i  (m.),  a  money-bag 
fistula, -ae  (f.),  a  pipe;  a  canyon; 

a  passage 
flagelliiin,  -i  (n.),  a  whip,  rod 
flagitium,  -1  (n.),  a  disgrace 
flagito,   -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 

demand 
flamma,  -ae  (f ),  aflame 
flatus,  -us  (m.),  a  blowing     [for 
fleo,  -6re,  flevT,  fletum,  to  weep 
floreo,-ere,-uT,  (no sup.),  toflour- 
flOs,  floris  (m.),  a  flower         [ish 
fluctus,  -lis  (m.),  a  wave,  tide 
flumen,  -inis  (n.),  a  river 
foeditas,  -atis  (f.),  horribleness; 
foeditas  morientmm,  the  hoirri- 
ble  sight  of  the  dying 
foediis,  -S,,  -um,  ignominious 
foediis,  -eris  (n.),  a  league;  foe- 

dus  ic6re,  to  make  a  league 
fons,  -tis  (m.),  a  sptring 


forg,  Fut.  Inf.  of  sum  and  fio 
forem,  Subj.  Imperf.  of  sura  and  fio 
fdris,-  (f.),  &  fores, -iilin,  a  door 
forma,  -ae  (f.),  shape,  form,  ap- 
pearance; insignis,  eximia  for- 
ma, gi^eat  beauty 
formatus,  -a,  -uni,  informed 
forsitan,  fortasse,  perhaps 
forte,  by  chance 

fortis,    -e,    brave,   courageous, 
gallant;  fortius,  with  greater 
courage 
fortune,  -ae  (f.),  fortune;  fate; 
fortuna   privata,   private  con- 
dition 
fortunattis,  -a,  -fim,  happy 
forum,  -i  (n.),  a  market-place 
fossS,  -ae  (f.),  a  ditch,  trench 
foveo,    -ere,    fovi,    fotum,    to 

warm,  hug 
fragilis,  -e,  brittle,  fragile 
frango,  -ere,  frggi,  fractum,  to 

break 
fratgr,  -ris  (m.),  a  brother 
fraterniis,  -a,  -urn,  brotherly 
fraus,  fraudis  {i.),  fraud;  a  crime 
fremitus,  -us  (m.),  roaring 
frSniim,  -i  (n.),  a  bridle,  reins 
frequenter,  often 
frequently,  -ae  (f.) ,  a  large  num- 
fretiim,  -i  (n.),  straits  \ber 

frgtus,  -a,  -um,  relying 
frigidus,  -a,  -iim,  cold 
frigiis,  -oris  (n.),  cold 
frons,  -tis  (f.),  the  forehead;  a 
frontibus,    in  front;    frontem 
extundere,  to    knock   out   the 
brains 
fructuOsiis,  -&,  -um,  productive 
fructtts,  -lis  (m.),  fruit;  fructum 

ferre,  to  bear  fruit 
frugalitas,  -atis  (f.),  frugality 


146    — 


fruges,  -tim  (f.  pi.),  fruit 
frumentiiin,  -i  (n.),  corn 
fruSr,  -i,  fruitiis  (fructQs)  sum, 

to  enjoy 
frustra,  in  vain;  without  cause 
frustiim,  -i  (n,),  a  piece,  morsel 
friitex,  -icis  (f.j,  a  shrub 
fugS,  -ae  (f.),  Jlight;  banishment 
fugio,  -6re,  fugi,  (no  sup.),  to  flee; 

fugientes,   those  endeavoring 

to  escape 
fugito,  -are,  -avi,   -atiiiii,   to 

flee  from 
fulgens,  -tis,  glittering 
fulgdr,  -oris  (m.),  glitter 
fulmgn,  -inis  (n.),  a  thunderbolt 
fulmineiis,  -a,  -um,  belonging 

to  lightning,  flashing 
fumtis,  -i  (m.),  smoke 
funda,  -ae  (f.),  a  sling 
fundamentiiin,  -i  (n.),  a  founda- 
tion; fundamenta  jacgre,  to  lay 

the  foundation 
fundo,-ere,  fudi,  f  ustim,  to  rout; 

sanguinem    fundere,   to    shed 

blood 
fundus,  -i  (m.),  apiece  of  land; 

fundus  imus,  the  lowest  bottom 
funus,  -eris  (n.),  a  funeral 
fiir,  furls  (m.),  a  thief 
fur o, -ere,  (noperf.  &  sup.),  to  rage, 

to  be  mad 
furdr,  -oris  (m.),  madness 
furlim,  stealthily,  secretly 
fiiturus,  -a,  -um,  future 

G. 

GajQs,  -1  (m.),  Gaius 
Gallia,  -ae  (f ),  Gaul 
Gallicfis,  -a,  -um,  Gallic 
gaudeo,  -erg,  gavisQs  sum,  to 
rejoice 


G6I0,  -onis  (m.),  Gelo,  tyrant  of 
g61u,  -us  (n.),  cold  [Sicily 

ggmitiis,  -us  (m.),  groaning 
g6n6r,  -i  (m.),  a  brother-in-law 
gengro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

produce 
ggnitus,  -a,  -iim,  born 
gens,  -tis  (f),  a  tribe,  a  nation 
ggniis,  -eris  (n.),  a  race,  kind; 
genus  StratOnis,  the  family  of 
Strato;  genus  urbis,  the  stock 
of  the  city 
geometrica,-oriim  (n.  pi.),  geom- 
etry 
Germanus,  -i  (m.),  a  German 
germgn,  -inis  (n.),  a  germ 
ggro,  -erg,   gessT,   gestiim,  to 
carry,   wear;   bellum  gergre, 
to  wage  war;  res  gerundae, 
public  business;   res  gestae, 
exploits,  achievements 
gestio,  -irg,  -ivi,  -itumi,  to  long 
gigno,  -erg,  g6nuT,  genitum,  to 
beget,  to  bear;  pass. ,  to  be  born 
gladitis,  -i  (m.),  a  sword 
gliscens,  -tis,  kindling      [nown 
gloria,  -ae  (f.),  glory,  fame,  re- 
glorI5r,-arT,  -atiis  siim,  to  boast 
glorlostis,  -a,  -mn,  glorious 
gradatim,  step  by  step 
gradiis,-us  (m.),  a  degree;  step; 
GraecS,  in  Greek  [stage 

Graecia,  -ae  (f ),  Greece 
Graectis,  -a,  -tim,  Cfreek 
grandis,  -e,  great,  heavy;  grandis 
pecunia,  an  immense  amount 
of  money 
grassor,  -ari,  -atiis  sum,  to  rage 
gratia,  -ae  (f.),  favor,  gratitude; 
gratiamfinggre,  to  feign  friend- 
ship;  gratlam  quae  r ere,   tra- 
li6re,  to  seek,  to  gain  favor 


—   147  — 


gratiis,  -S.,-fim,  grateful^  accept- 
able;  gratius  facere,  to  do  a 
greater  favor 

gravattis,  -a,  -tim,  loaded 

gravis,  -e,  heavy^  oppressive; 
gravis  imago,  a  grievous  im- 
age; graviora  bella,  severer 
wars;  gravis  casus,  a  heavy 
downfall;  gravem  pati,  to  be  in- 
dignant at,  to  be  greatly  em- 
bittered-against 

graviter,  heavily ,  seriously;  gra- 
viter  ferre,  to  be  annoyed 

grgmiGm,  -i  (n.),  the  lap 

grex,  gregis  (f.),  a  herd;  crowd 

gruis,  -  (f.),  a  crane 

guia,  -ae  (f.),  the  gullet 

Gylipptis,  -i(m.),  Gylippus,  gen- 
eral of  the  Spartans  in  Sicily 

Gytheiim,  -i  (n.),  Gytheum,  a 
seaport  in  Laconia 


habeo,-erS,  -tii,  -itflm,  to  have, 
hold,  possess;  to  consider, 
think;  haberi  pro,  to  be  con- 
sidered as;  fidem  habere,  to 
believe;  magni  habere,  to  con- 
sider of  great  importance;  pro 
nihilo  habere,  to  regard  as 
nothing;  obvlum  habere,  ^o  meet 

habilis,  -e,  easy  (of  shoes) 

habitus,  -us  (m.),  dress;  defor- 
mis  habitu,  deformed  by  his 
dress;  habitus  squalOris,  the 
appearance  of  squalor 

haereo,  -ere,  haesT,  haesum,  to 
stick  at;  to  hesitate 

Halicarnasiis,  -i  (f.),  Halicarna- 
sus,  a  city  of  great  antiquity  in 
Asia  Minor 

Hamilcar,  -§,ris  (m.),  Hamilcar 


harenS,  -ae  (f.),  sand 
hariolus,  -i  (m.),  a  soothsayer 
Harpagus,  -i  (m.),  Harpagus,  a 

Median  nobleman 
hand,  not 

hausttts,  -us  (m.),  a  draught 
hercle,  hercule,  by  Hercules 
Hercules,  -is  (m.),  Hercules 
heredltas,  -atis  (f.),  a?i  inherit- 
ance 
heres,  -edis  (m.  &  f.),  an  heir 
Hermae,    -arum  (m.  pi.),  the 

Hermae 
hesternus  -3,,  -um,  of  yesterday 
hibernus,  -a,  -fim,  winter- 
hic,  haec,  hoc,  this;  the  latter, 

the  former 
hic,  adv.,  here 
hiems,  -emis  (f.),  winter 
Himera,  -ae  (f.),  Himera 
hinc,   here,   on  this  side;  from 

here,  hence 
Hipparchiis,-!  (m.) ,  Hipparchus, 

&  Hippias,  -ae  (m.),  Hippias, 

sons  of  Pisistratus 
historia,  -ae  (f.)  history 
hodle,  to-day 

hodiernus,  -a,  --Qin,  io-day\s 
Homericus,  -S,  -um,  belonging 

to  Homer,  Homeric 
Homerus,  -i  (m.),  the  Greek  poet 

Homer 
homo,  -inis  (m.),  man,  human 

being;  pi.,  people 
honestus,  -a,  -um,   honorable, 

noble,  excellent;  honestius ,  ivith 

more  honor 
honor,   -oris    (m.),   an   honor, 

dignity;  esteem,  regard 
honoratGs,  -a,  -lim,  respected 
hOra,  -ae  (f.),  an  hour  (twelfth 

part  of  daylight  or  night,  the 


^    148    -~ 


first  hour  being,  say,  6  a.  m.  or 

p.  M.) ;  horae  meridiaaae,  noon 
hordeiim,  -i  (n.),  grain 
horrendus,  -S,  -urn,  horrible 
hortdr,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  ex- 

ho7%  urge 
hospes,  -itis   (m.),   a  stranger^ 

guest,  friend 
hospitium,  -i  (n.),  Jiospitality;  iu  ! 

hospitio,  at  a  friend's 
hostllis,  -e,  of  an  enemy,  Jiostile 
hostis,  -  (m.  &  f.),  an  enemy 
hue,  hither;  hue  aeeGdit,  to  this 

is  added 
humauitas,    -atis    (f.),    human 

nature;    pia  humanitas,    kind 

feelings 
humanus,  -3,,  -um,  human 
humllis,  -e,  low;  humiliOres,  the 

weaker  ones 
humo,   -are,   -avT,   -atflm,    to 

bury;  terra  humare,  to  inter 
humdr,    -oris    (m.),    a    liquid, 

moisture 
hydrus,  ~i  (ra.),  a  snake 
Hyrcani,   -oruin   (m.    pi.),    the 

Hyrcanians  ou  the  Caspian  Sea 


ibl,  there 

ico,  -ere,  ici,  ictum,  to  strike, 

hit;   foedus  icere,  to  make  a 

league 
ictus,  -us  (ra.),  a  stroke,  blow 
ideireO,  therefore 
Idem,  eadem,  idem,  the  same;  at 

the  same  time,  likewise 
ideo,  on  that  account       [venient 
idoneus,  -a,  -um,  suitable,  con- 
igitur,  therefore 
ignavus,  -3.,  -um,  coward 
ignis,  -  (m.),  fire 


ignomlnia,  -ae  (f.),  a  disgrace; 
ignominia  judicii,  a  disgrace 
■inflicted  by  the  court;  contempt 
of  court 

ignoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  not 
to  know,  be  unacquainted  with 

ignotus,  -3,,  -um,  unknown;  he 
who  does  not  know 

Ilias,  -adis  (f.),  Iliad 

ill6,  ilia,  illiid,  that;  he,  she,  it; 
the  former;  the  latter;  illud, 
that  well-known  saying 

ill6c6brae,  -artim  (f.  pL),  attrac- 
tion 

illle,  there 

illicio,  -6re,  illexi,  illectilm,  to 
allure,  entice 

illo,  illuc,  thither 

Illyrictis,  -3,  -ttm,  Ulyrian 

imagO,  -inis  (f.),  an  image 

imber,  -ris  (m.),  a  shower, 
storm 

imberbis,  -e,  beardless 

imltatiO,  -onis  (f.),  imitation 

imitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  imi- 
tate 

immlneo,  -ere,  (no  perf.  &  sup.),  to 
threaten 

immolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
sacrifice 

immortalis,  -e,  immortal 

immortalltas,  -atis  (f.),  immor- 
tality 

impatientius,  beyond  endurance 

impedimentiim,  -i  (n.),  hin- 
drance, ivipediment 

impedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itiim,  to 
hinder,  impede;  manibus  im- 
pedltis,  with  their  hands  en- 
gaged 

impello,-ere,  impuli,  impulsum, 
to  push  on,  inMigate,  impel 


•—    149    — 


impend€o,-er6,  (no  perf.  &  sup.),  to 
hang  over,  to  be  impending^ 
to  threaten 

imperatdr,  -oris  (m,),  a  com- 
mander, general;  emperor 

imperatorius,-a,-um,  belonging 
to  a  general;  dignitas  impera- 
toria,  generalship;  mors  impe- 
ratoria,  a  general' s  death 

imperltiis,-a,  -um,  unpractised, 
unskilled,  ignorant 

imperium,  -i  (n.),  dominion, 
government,  empire;  imperium 
paternum,  his  father's  domin- 
ion; imperium  regis,  the  king's 
order;  justitia  imperiOrum,  the 
justice  of  commands;  impe- 
rium temptare,  to  make  an  at- 
tempt on  the  government;  im- 
perium orbis,  empire  of  the 
world;  imperium  exercere,  to 
enforce  the  power 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
give  commands,  to  command, 
order;  obsides  imperare,  to 
~-  order  to  famish  hostages 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
obtain,  get 

impetus,  -us  (m.),  violence;  an 
attack;  citato  impetu,  with 
rapid  motion 

impietas,  -atis  (f.),  impiety 

impius,  -3,,  -um,  impious 

impleo,-ere,  implevi,  impletum, 
to  fill 

implOro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
call  upon  for  aid,  to  beseech 

impono,  -ere,  imposuT,  imposi- 
tum,  to  put  in;  navibus  impo- 
nere,  to  put  on  board 

impotens,  -tis,  not  master  of 
one's  self 


impressiO,  -onis  (f.),  an  attack 
imprimis,  see  inprlmis 
improbtis,  -a,  -um,  ivicked 
improvlso,  unawares,  unexpect' 
impubgr,  -is,  under  age       [edly 
impune,  without  punishment 
imus,-a,-um,  the  lowest,  deepest 
in, with  ace,  into,  to,  towards,  for, 
against;  in  Ctesiphontem,  as 
prosecutor  of  Ctesiphon;  with 
abl.,  in,  amongst,  in  the  case  of 
inambulans,  -tis,  walking 
incendium,  -i  (n.),  a  fire,  con- 
flagration 
incendo,   -ere,   incendi,    incen- 
sum,  to  set  on  fire,  to  fire;  in- 
census,  -&,  -um,  burnt  out; 
of  the  mind,  incensed 
incertus,   -a,   -um,  uncertain, 

doubtful 
incido,  -ere,  incidi,  incasum,  to 

fall  into,  to  chance  upon 
incite,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,  to 
urge;  naves  incitare,  to  set  the 
s?ii2}S  in  rapid  motion;  equum 
incitare,  to  spur  on  a  horse 
inclino,  -are,   -avi,  -atum,  to 

incline   . 
inclitus,  -a,  -um,  celebrated,  re- 
nowned 
incliido,  -ere,  incliisi,  inclusiim, 

to  shut  up 
incognitus,  -a,  -um,  unkiiowri 
incola,  -ae  (m.),  an  inhabitant 
incolo,  -ere,  incolui,  incultum, 

to  inhabit 
incolumis,-e,  unhurt,  unharmed, 

safe 
inconpositus,   -a,    -um,   disor- 
dered 
increbresco,  -ere,  increbrui,  (no 
sup.),  to  gain  grouncj 


—    150 


incredibilis,  -6,  passing  belief, 

incredible 
incrgmentum,  -i(n.),  increase 
incumbo,  -er€,  incubiii,  incubi- 

tflm,  to  hasten 
incursiO,  -onTs  (f.),  anincursion 
inde,  there,  thence;  from  thence; 

hinc . .  inde,  here . .  there 
indicium,  -i  (n.),  an  indication, 

information 
indignati5,-onis(f.), indigrna^ion 
indigne  ferre,  to  take  ill,  to  be  in- 
dignant at 
indignSr,  -ari,  -attls  sum,  to  be 

indignant  at 
indigniSs,  -&,  -um,   unworthy, 

disgraceful;  undeserving 
indoctus,  -S»,  -tim,  untaught 
indoles,  -is  (f.),  disposition,  tal- 
ent, temper 
indiibitatus,   -Si,   -tiin,   without 

doubt 
indulgentia,  -ae  (f.),  indulgence 
Indus,  -1  (ni.),  an  Indian      [try 
industria,-ae  (f.),  energy,  indus- 
industrlus,  -a,  -Gui,   industri- 
ous, active 
ineo,  -ire,  inii,  initfim,  to  enter 
upon;  consilium  inire,  to  form 
apian;  epulas  inIre,  to  go  to  a 
repast 
inermis,-e,  unarmed,  defenseless 
iners,  -tis,  silly,  simjile 
inexpiabilis,  -e,  inexpiable 
infamiS.,  -ae  (f.),  a  disgrace,  in- 
famy 
infans,-tis(m.&f.), an  infant, child 
infelix,  -icis,  calamitous 
inferi,  -orum  (m.  pi.),  the  gods 

below,  the  lower  world 
inferiae,  -arum  (f.  pi),  sacri- 
Jices  (in  honor  of  the  dead) 


inferidr,-us,  lower,  further  down 

infero,-r6,  intiili,  illatum,  to  bear 
in,  to  carry  iii  or  upon,  to  in- 
flict; bellum  inferre,  to  make 
war  upon;  venalia  inferre,  to 
offer  for  sale;  jurgii  causam  in- 
ferre, to  pick  a  quarrel 

infestus,  -S,,  -tim,  implacable; 
dangerous 

inflatiis,  -&,  -um,  puffed  up 

ingemisco,-6re,ing6mui,  (no  sup.), 
to  groan 

inggnitim,  -i  (n.),  mind,  talents, 
character,  disposition;  inge- 
nium  mite,  mild  disposition 

ingens,-tis,  gig  antic,  vast,  great; 
ingens  pugnandi  animus,  an 
eager  desire  for  the  combat 

inggnuiis,  -S,,  -tim,  free-born; 
ingenuus  homo,  a  gentleman; 
ingenia  ingenua,  natural  diS' 
position  of  a  freeman 

ingratfis,  ~&,  -um,  ungrateful 

ingrgdidr,  -i,  ingressus  sum,  to 
step  in,  enter;  to  march;  to 
walk  up 

inhibgo,  -ere,  -Gi,  -itum,  to  re- 
strain; inhibere  remis,  to  row 
a  ship  backwards 

initium,  -i  (n.),  a  beginning; 
initia  (pi.),  sacred  mysteries 

inlquus,  -Sl,  -lim,  unfair,  unjust 

injicio,  -ere,  injeci,  injectiim, 
to  throw  into;  to  throioover; 
metum  injicere,  to  strike  one 
with  fear;  pallium  injicere,  to 
put  on  a  cloak 

injuria,  -ae  (f.),  a  wrong,  out- 
rage, injury;  injustice 

injustQs,  -3/,  -tim,  unjust,  iniq- 
uitous, severe 

inlec6brae,  see  ill6c6brae 


—    151 


inlustrls,  -e,  bright,  famous 

inluvies,  -ei  (f.),  an  inundation; 
inluvies  aquarum,  a  deluge 

inmerito,  without  cause,  unde- 
servedly 

inmortalls,  see  immortalis 

innocens,  -tis,  innocent 

innoxius,  -3,,  -urn,  innocent 

innumerus,  -a,  -um,  innumer- 
able 

inSpia,  -ae  (f.),  want,  scarcity 

inopmans,  -tis,  not  expected, 
unaware 

inopTnatiis,  -3.,  -iiin,  unexpected 

mops,  -6pis,  without  means 

inpressiO,  -onis  (f.),  an  attach. 
Written  also  impressio 

inprlmis,  chiefly,  especially 

inquam,  quoth  I,  I  say 

inquino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
defile 

inrumpo,  -ere,  inrupi,  inrup- 
tuin,  to  rush  into,  burst  into 

inscendo,  -ere,  inscendi,  inscen- 
sum,  to  step  upon 

inscitia,  -ae  (f.),  unexperience 

inscrlbo,  -ere,  inscripsi,  inscrip- 
tum,  to  write  on,  inscribe 

insequ5r,  -i,  insecutus  sum,  to 
follow  up,  pursue 

insero,  -ere,  inseruT,  insertfim, 
to  put  into 

insidiae,  -artini  (f.  pL),  an  am- 
bush, snare 

insidiOsus,-a,-uin,  treacherous, 
insidious 

insignis,  -e,  prominent,  extra- 
ordinary; insignis  oratTo,  ex- 
traordinary style  of  speech; 
insignis  forma,  great  beauty 

insTlio,  -ire,  insiliii,  insulttim, 
to  leap  upon 


insolens,  -tis,  insolent,  arrogant 

ins6Iitus,-a,  -um,  unaccustomed, 
unfamiliar 

inspicio,  -ere,  inspexi,  inspec- 
tum,  to  look  at 

inspirattis,  -a,  -um,  inspired 

instabilis,  -e,  unsteady 

instar,  indecl.,  as  good  as;  instar 
civitatis,  an  outline  of  a  city 

instituo,  -ere,  institui,  institu- 
tum,  to  set  up,  arrange,  in- 
stitute;  leges  instituere,  to 
frame  or  enact  laws;  heredem 
instituere,  to  appoint  one  heir 

institutum,  -i  (n.),  an  establish- 
ment; instituta,  institutions; 
institutis  uti,  to  have  institu- 
tions 

institutus,  -S,,  -tini,  educated; 
bene  institutus,  well-bred 

instructus,  -3,,  -um,  provided 

instrumentum,  -i  (n.),  a  means; 
instrumenta  beilorum,  imple- 
ments of  war 

instruo,  -ere,  instruxi,  instruc- 
tum,  to  draw  up  (in  battle 
array);  bellum  instruere,  to 
make  preparations  for  war; 
odia  instrugre,  to  occasion 
hatred 

insu6factiis,  -a,  -um,  trained  to 

insuetus,  -a,  -um,  not  accus- 
tomed to,  unusual 

insula,  -ae  (f.),  an  island     [suit 

insulto,-are,-avi,  -atum,  to  in- 

insusurro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
whisper  to 

integer,  -rS,  -riim,  unchanged, 
fresh,  virtuous;  ex  intggro, 
anew 

intellegOj-ere,  intellexi,  intellec- 
tura,  to  observe,  to  see  clearly 


152    — 


intentiis,  ~&,  -iim,  intent 

intgr,  with  ace,  between,  among; 
in  the  midst  of;  inter  se,  among 
themselves,  with  one  another; 
inter  caedem,  i?i  the  course  of 
heating 

intercipio,  -ere,  interc6pT,  inter- 
ceptflm,  to  cut  off,  intercept 

intercludo,  -ere,  interclusi,  in- 
terclusum^  to  cut  off" 

interclusiis,  -a,  -um,  cut  off' 

interdlu,  in  daytime 

interdum,  sometimes 

interea,  meanwhile  [derer 

interfector,  -oris  (m.),  a  mur- 

interflcio,  -ere,  interfeci,  inter- 
fectum,  to  kill 

interim,  meanwhile 

interirao,  -erg,  intgremi,  inter- 
em  ptum,  to  kill,  slay 

interltus,  -lis  (m.),  destruction 

interjicio,  -ere,  interjeci,  inter- 
jectuin,  to  cast  between;  tem- 
pore interjecto,  some  time 
having  intervened 

intermisceo,  -erg,  intermisctii, 
intermixttim,  to  intermingle 

internuntlus,-!  (m.),  a  messenger 

interpello,  -ar6,  -avT,  -atum, 
to  hinder 

interrogatiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  ques- 
tion 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
to  ask,  question 

interrumpo,  -ere,  interrupT,  in- 
terruptflm,  to  break  down 

intersterno,  -ere,  interstravi,  in- 
terstratum,  to  lay  between 

intra,  with  ace,  within;  intra  tri- 
cesimum  annum,  within  thirty 
and  forty 

iatrins6cus,  on  the  inside 


intro,   -ar6,    ~avi,   -atum,    to 

penetrate 
introitQs,  -us  (m.),  an  entrance 
intueor,  -eri,  intuitus  sum,  to 

look  at,  observe;  nutum  intueri, 

to  await  the  beck 
inultus,  -3,,  --Qm,  unavenged 
inusltatiis,  -a,   -um,   unusual, 

novel 
inutilis,  -e,  useless 
invado,  -ere,   invasT,   invasum, 

to  attack;   naves  invadgre,   to 

seize  the  shij^s;  rempublicam  in- 

vad6re,  to  seize  the  government 
inv6nio,  -ire,  invGni,  inventum, 

to  invent,  find 
inventio,  -onis  (f.),   invention; 

(of  laws)  framing 
invicem,  mutually,  each  other 
invictus,-3/,  -um,  unconquered; 

invincible 
invIdSo,  -ere,  invidi,  invisum, 

to  envy 
invidiOsus,    -§-,    -um,    spiteful, 

malicious 
inviolatfts,  -&,  -um,  unhurt 
invisus,  -S,,  -umi,  hated,  detested 
invito,   -are,  -avi,  -atum,   to 

invite 
invIttis,-S;,-tim,  unwilling;  non 

invitus^  cheerful(ly) 
involucrum,  -i  (n.),  a  case 
involvo,    -ere,    involvT,    involu- 

tiim,  to  pack  up 
iones,  -um  (m.  pi.),  the  lonians 
ipse,  -a,  -um,  self 
Ira,  -ae  (f.),  anger 
IS,  ea,  id,  he,  she,  it;  that;  eo  mi- 
nus, the  less 
iste,  -a,  -ud,  that  of  yours 
ita,  so;   non  ita,  not  so,  not  60 

very;  not  quite 


—    153    — 


Italia,  -ae  (f.),  Italy 

itaque,  and  so,  consequently^ 
therefore 

item,  just  so,  likewise 

it6r,  itineris  (n.),  a  journey, 
march,  road;  iter  felicius,  a 
luckier  march;  iter  terrestre, 
a  land  journey;  iter  facere,  to 

iterum,  again  [travel 


jaceo,  -ere,  -uT,  (no  sup.),  to  lie 

(prostrate) 
jacio,-ere,  j5ci,  jactum,  to  hurl, 

throw;  of  foundations,  to  lay 
jacto,  -are,   -avi,    -atuni,    to 

throw,  toss;  to  boast;  tintinna- 

bulum  jactare,  to  shake  the  bell; 

frusta  jactare,  to  cast  morsels  to 
jactus,  -us  (m.),  a  throw,  cast 
jaciiluni,  -1  (n.),  a  javelin 
jam,  already,  now,  by  this  time; 

jam  non,  no  more,  no  longer; 

the  translation  of  jam  is  often 

inadmissible  in  English, 
jocans,  -tis,  in  jest 
jocus,  -i  (m.),  joking 
jiibeo,  -ere,  jussi,  jussuiu,   to 

bid,  order 
jacundus,    -a,    -um,    pleasant, 

delicious;  jucundiiis,  more  de- 

liciously  [man 

judex,  -icis  (m.),  a  judge,  jury- 
judicmin,   -i    (n.),  a  judgment, 

decision,  sentence;  a  court;  ]\i- 

diclo,  by  discretion;  judicium 

capitis,  trial  for  life 
judico,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,  to 

judge;  to  think,  consider 
juglans,  -dis  (f),  a  walnut 
jungo,  -ere,  junxi,  junctum,  to 

join 


JQniiis,  -1  (m.),  June 

Juppiter,  Jo  VIS  (m.),  Jupiter^  the 
supreme  God;  Gr.  Zevq 

jurgium,  -i  (n.),  a  quarrel;  in 
jurgio,  in  the  heat  of  dispute; 
jurgli  causam  inferre,  to  pick 
a  quarrel 

jus,  juris  (n.),  right,  justice,  au- 
thority; jus  humanum,  human 
laiu  — jus,  juris  (n.),  broth 

jus  jurandum,  juris  jurandi  (n.), 
an  oath 

justltia,  -ae  (f.),  justice 

Justus,  -a,  -um,  just;  justa, 
-orum  (n.pl.),  customary  rites 

jiivenis,  -  (m.),  a  young  man 

juventiis,  -titis  (f.),  youth 

JLivo,  -are,  jCivi,  jutum,  to  assist 

juxta,  with  ace,  beside,  according 
to;  juxta  praeceptum,  accord- 
ing to  the  order 

li. 

labellGm,  -i  (n.),  a  small  vessel 

labor,  -oris  (m.),  toil,  labor, 
exertion,  trouble;  labor  mili- 
tlae,  the  toil  of  military  serv- 
ice; labor  quaerendi,  acquisi- 
tive disposition 

labOrlosus,  -a,  -um,  troubled 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
suffer  from,  to  be  in  distress; 
nihil  laborare,  not  to  care  about 

lac,  lactls  (n.),  milk 

Lacaena,  -ae  (f.),  a  Spartan 
woman 

Lacedaemon,  -6nis  (f),  the  city 
of  Lacedaemon 

Lacedaemonius,  -T  (m.),  a  Lace- 
daemonian 

lacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
lacerate,  tear  in  pieces 


—    154   — 


Laches,   -etis  (m.),  Laches^  an 

Athenian  general 
lacrimS.,  -ae  (f.),  a  tear 
lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atttm,  to 

shed  tears,  to  weep 
lacunar,  -aris  (n.),  a  ceiling 
laedo,  -erg,   laesT,   laestim,  to 

ivjure,  insult 
laetiis>  -&,  -flm,  glad,  joyful 
LamachGs,  -i   (m.),  Lamachus, 

an  Athenian  general 
laments,  -orum  (n.  pi.),  lamen- 
tation 
lamentabilis,  -6,   attended  with 

lamentation 
lamentatiO,  -onis  (f.),  lamenta- 
tion 
Lamponiiis,  -i  (m.),  Lamponius, 

an  Athenian  general 
lanetis,  -&,  -flm,  woollen 
laniggr,  -S,  -iiin,  wool-bearing, 

\.  e.  a  sheep 
lar,  laris  (m.),  a  household  god 
largiis,  -3-,  -tlin,  ample,  abun- 
dant 
lascivia,   -ae  (f.),    wantonness; 
per  lasciviam,  from  wanton- 
ness 
latebr3>,  -ae  (f.),  a  hiding-place 
lateo,  -ere,  latiii,  (no  sup.),  to  lie 

hid,  to  he  hidden 
later,  -is  (m.),  a  brick 
latratiis,  -us  (m.),  barking 
latro,  -^nis  [m.),a  highwayman 
latro,  -are,  -avi,-atiiiii,  to  bark 
latrocinium,  -i  (n.),  robbery  (on 

the  highway) 
latus,  -§/,  -um,  broad,  ivide;  la- 
ti  fines,  extensive  possessions; 
quam  latissimae  solitudines, 
deserts  as  extensive  as  possible 
latus,  -eris  (n.),  a  side,  fiank 


laudo,  -arS,  ~avi,  -attim,  to 

praise 
laus,  -dis  (f.),  praise,  glory 
lectus,  -I  (m.),  a  couch 
lectus,  -a,  -um,  picked 
legatus, -i  (m.),  an  envoy;  in  the 

Roman  army,  a  lieutenant 
IggiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  legion  (at  the 
time  of  Caesar  consisting  of  10 
cohorts  of  from  300  to  360  men 
each) 
16go,-6r6,  l6gT,  lectflm,  <opicfe, 
choose,  gather;  read;  vitae  sor- 
tem  leggre,  to  choose  a  condi- 
tion of  life 
165,  -onis  (m.),  a  lion 
Lgonldas,  -ae  (m.),  Leonidas,  a 

king  of  Sparta,  1480 
lepQs,  -6ris  (m.),  a  hare 
16vis,  -6,   light,  silly;  levis  cur- 

sus,  nimble  running 
lex,  legis  (f.),  a  law;  a  condition 
libens,  -tis,  willing (ly) 
libgr,  -ri  (m.),  a  book 
liber,  -a,  -tim,  free 
liberalitgr,  generously 
libdri,  -orum  (m.  pi.),  children 
libgro,  -are,  -avi,  -atQm,  to  de- 
liver 
llbertas,  -atis  (f.),  freedom 
libido,  -inis  (f.),  pleasure;  libi- 

dines,  passions 
JAhySL,  -ae  (f.),  Libya,  Africa 
licentia,  -ae  (f.),  license;  leave 
licet,  -ere,  licuit,  licitum  est, 
it  is  left  free,  one  may;  it  is 
lawful 
lignfius,  -a,  -una,  wooden 
lignum,  -i  (n.),  wood,  log 
llmen,  -inis  (n.),  a  threshold 
limiis,  -i  (m.),  mud  [leave 

linquo,  -ere,   llqui,  (no  sup.),  to 


155   — 


liqu6r,-oris  [m.],  a  liquid;  water 
lis,  litis  (f.),  a  suit  at  law 
littera,-ae  (f.),a  letter  (character 

of  the  alphabet);  pi.  litterae, 

letter,  epistle;  letters,  studies, 

science 
littis,  -oris  (n.),  a  shore 
loco,    -are,    -avi,    -atQin,    to 

place,  bring 
Locrensis,  -  (m.),  a  Locrian,  in- 
habitant of  Locri 
Locri,  -oriiin  (m.  pL),  Locri,  a 

city  in   the   territory   of  the 

Bruttii 
locuples,  -etis,  rich,  wealthy 
locus,  -1  (m.),  a  place,  position, 

spot;  loca,    regions;    honesto 

loco  natus,  sprung  from  decent 

family 
longg,  far,  distant,  by  far 
longitiidO,  -inis  (f ),  length;  colli 

longitudo,  a  long  neck 
longtis,    -S,   -urn,    long;   navis 
longa,  a  ship  of  war,  galley 
16qii6r,-T,  locutus  sum,  to  speak, 

talk 
luceo,   -ere,   laxi,    (no  sup.),   to 

shine;  lucet,  the  day  dawns 
Lucius,-!  (m.),  Lucius,  a  Roman 

name,  usually  represented  by  L. 
lucriim,  -i  (n.),  profit,  gain 
luctor,    -ari,    -atus    sum,     to 

wrestle,  struggle,  fight 
luctlis,-us  (m.),  mourning,  grief 
ludo,  -ere,  lusi,  lusum,  to  play, 

sport;  pila  ludere,  to  play  ball 
lugeo,   -ere,  luxi,   (no    sup.),  to 

be  in  mourning,  to  bewail 
lugubris,  -e,  plaintive 
luna,  -ae  (f.),  the  moon;  Luna, 

the  moon-goddess 
lupus,  -i  (m.),  a  wolf 


lux,  lucis  (f),  light;  ante  lucem, 

before  daybreak;  luce,  during 

the  day 
luxuria,  -ae  (f ),  luxury 
Lycurgus,  -i  (m.),  Lycurgus,  the 

lawgiver  of  the  Spartans 
Lysias,    -ae    (m.),   LysiaSj    an 

Athenian  orator 

M. 

Mac6do,  -onis  (m.) ,  aMacedonian 
Macedonia,  -ae  (f.),  Macedonia 
macies,  -ei  (f.),  leanness,  thin- 
ness 
maerSr, -oris  (m.) ,  grief, mourn- 
ing 
Magi,  -orum  (m.  pi.),  the  Magi, 

priestly  caste  in  Persia 
magicus,  -&,  -um,  magic 
magis,  more  [ter 

magist6r,-ri  (m.),  a  teacher, mas- 
magistratus,  -us  (m.),  a  magis- 
trate 
magnificentia-,  -ae  (f.),  magnif- 
icence 
magnificus,  -S,,   -tim,    magnif- 
icent, gi'and 
magnitudO,  -inis    (f.),   bigness, 
greatness,  size;  magnitude  ani- 
mi,  magnanimity;  magnitudo 
consilii  et  ingenii,    amount  of 
prudence  and  capacity 
magnus,  ^a,  -um,  great,  large, 
big;  magni  habere,  to  consider 
of  great  importance;   magna 
voce,  with  a  loud  voice 
majestas,  -atis  (f.),  majesty;  ma- 
jestatem  administrare,  to  exer- 
cise supreme  power 
major,  -tis,   greater,   more  im- 
portant; majores,  ancestors;  in 
majus  extollerCj  to  exaggerate 


—    166   — 


male,  badly;  male  auspicari,  to 
begin  unfortunately;  cum  male 
pugnatum  esset,  after  the  defeat 

maiedico,  -ere,  maledixi,  male- 
dictum,  to  speak  evil  against^ 
revile 

maleficus,  -a,  -Gm,  wicked 

malltia,  -ae  (f.),  malice 

malo,  malle,  malui,  (no  sup.),  to 
wish  rather;  to  prefer 

malflm,  -i  (n.),  an  evil,  adver- 
sity, calamity;  malum  discor- 
diae,  the  seed  of  discord 

mandatum,-!  (n.),  a  commission 

mando,  -are,  -avi,  -attim,  to 
commit,  to  order 

mane,  (in  good  time) in  the  morn- 
ing, early  in  the  morning 

maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansum, 
to  remain 

manifestus  -S,  -um,  manifest 

manubiae,  -ar.uin  (f.  pi.),  spoils 

manus,-us  (f.),  the  hand;  a  band 
(of  men);  force;  manum  con- 
serere,  to  join  battle 

MarathOnitis,  -a,  -um,  Marathon- 
ian 

MardOnius,  -i  (m.),  Mardonius 

mare,  -is  (n.),  the  sea 

marinus,  -a,  -tim,  belonging  to 
the  sea,  sea-;  commeatus  mari- 
nus, provisions  by  sea 

maritimus,-a,-um,  sea-;ora  ma- 
ritima,  the  seashore;  res  mari- 
timae,    naval  operations 

maritus,  -i  (m.),  a  husband 

mater,  -ris  (f.),  a  mother 

materia,  -ae  (f.),  material 

maternus,  -a,  -um,  maternal 

matrimonlum,  -i  (n.),  marriage; 
in  matrimonium  tradgre,  to 
marry;  matrimonia  (pi.),  wives  I 


matrons.,  —ae  (f.),  a  lady 
maturo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

accelerate 
matiirtis,  -S,  -Qm,  ripe;  matura 

hiems,  an  early  winter 
matutinus,  -S.,  -um,  of  the  morn- 
ing;  matutlnum  tempus,    the 
morning  hours 
maxim e,  especially;  properly 
maximus,  -a,-iim,  greatest;  ma- 
ximus  natu,    oldest;    maxima 
vox,  a  very  loud  voice 
Medi,  -orum  (m.pl),  the  Medes; 
Media,t\iQ  country  ofthe  Medes 
medlclna,  -ae  (f.),  an  operation 
mediocris,  -e,   middling,  indif- 
ferent;  ordinary;  non  medio- 
cris, not  common  [tice 
medit6r,-ari,-atus  s\im,toprac- 
medius,  -S.,  -um,  middle;  medio 
tempore,  in  the  meantime;  me- 
dio noctis,  at  midnight 
Megara,  -ae  (f.),  Megara 
Megarenses,  -ium  (m.  pi),   the 

Megarenses 
melior,  -us,  better 
membrum,  -i  (n.),  a  member 
memini,  -isse,  to  remember 
memor,  -is,  mindful 
memorabilis,  -e,  remarkable 
memoria,  -ae  (f.),  memory,  rec- 
ollection;   memorla    nominis, 
remembrance  of  his  name;  ars 
memoriae,  the  art  of  remember- 
ing 
Menapii,  -orum  (m.  pi),  the  Me- 
napii,  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul 
Meno,    -onis     (m.),   Menon,   a 

dialogue  of  Plato 
mens,  -tis  (f.),  the  mind,  dispo- 
sition, understanding;  tristior 
mens,  deeper  affection 


157    — 


mensS,,  -ae  (f.),  a  table 
mensis,  -  (m.),  a  month 
mentiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  mentioning 
mentior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  to  lie, 

tell  a  lie 
mercator,  -oris  (m.),  a  merchant 
merces,  -edis  (f.),  pay^  reward 
MercLirlus,  -i  (ra.),  Mercurius 
mereo,  -ere,  -m,  -itum,  to  de- 
serve 
mergo,  -ere,  mersT,  mersum,  to 

sink 
merldianus,  -a,  -um,  midday-; 

horae  meridianae,  noon 
merito,  deservedly 
meritum,  -i  (n.),  a  merit,  desert 
merx,  -cis  (f.),  ware 
metuendus,  -3-,  -um,  dreadful, 

shocking 
metiio,  -ere,  -i,  (no  sup.),  to  fear 
metiis,  -us  (m.),  fear;  metus  re- 

ligionis,  religious  awe 
MicythuSj-i  {m.),Micythus,  name 

of  a  Sicilian 
migratiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  removal 
migro,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,   to 

migrate 
miles,  -itis  (m.),  a  soldier 
mllitia,  -ae  (f.),  military  service 
mille,  inded.,  one  thousand 
MiltTades,  -is  (m.),  Miltiades 
miluus,  -i  (ra.),  a  kite 
minae,  -arum  (f.  pi.),   threats, 

menaces 
minax,  -acis,  threatening;  ani- 
mus minax,  animosity 
Minerva,  -ae  (f.),  Minerva 
minime,  by  no  means,  not  at  all 
minimus,  -a,  -um,  least 
minister,   -ri   (m.),  a  minister, 

servant 
ministgrium,  -i  (n.),  a  service 


ministrator,  -oris   (m.),  an  at- 
tendant 
ministro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

attend,  wait  upon 
minor,  -us,  less,  smaller 
minuo,  -ere,  minuT,  miniitum, 
to  weaken,  diminish;  contro- 
verslas  minuere,   to  settle  dis- 
putes; desidiam  minuere,  to  re- 
move sloth 
minus,  less;  nihilo  minus,  7iot  a 

whit  the  less 
miraculiim,  -i  (n.),    a  miracle, 

wonder 
mirandus,  -a,  -um,  wonderful 
miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  ad- 
mire,  be  surprised,  wonder  at 
mirus,  -a,  -um,  wonderful 
misceo,  -ere,  miscuT,  mixtum, 
to  mix;  civitatem  miscere,   to 
disturb  the  state 
miser,  -a,  -um,  wretched,  mis- 
erable, sad 
misericordia,  -ae  (f.),  pity,  com- 
passion 
misgricors,  -dis,  compassionate 
mitigo,  -are,   -avi,  -atum,  to 

soothe 
mltis,  -e,  mild 

mitto,  -ere,   misi,  missum,    to 
send,  let  go,  throw;  malum  dis- 
cordiae  mittere,  to  sow  the  seed 
of  discord 
m6deratid,-onis  (f.),  moderation 
moderatus,  -5,,  -uin,   moderate; 
moderatius,  more  moderately 
modo,  only 

modus,  -i  (m.),  a  measure,  man- 
ner, size;  hoc  modo,  i7i  this 
way;  nullo  modo,  by  no  means; 
ejus  modi  versum,  some  such 
verse 


158 


moenTS,  -Xfiin  (n.  pi.),  (city) 
walls 

moles,  -is  (f.),  a  mass 

mOlior,  -iri,  -itiis  sum,  to  un- 
dertake 

momentum,  -i  (n.),  a  moment, 
short  space 

moneo,  -erg,  -uT,  -itCiin,  to  ad- 
monish, warn 

monitus,  -us  (m.),  an  admoni- 
tion 

mens,  -tis  (m.),  a  mountain 

monstrum,  -i  (n.),  a  monster 

monumentiiin,  -i  (n.),  a  monu- 
ment 

Morlni,  -orGin  (m.  pi.),  the  Mo- 
rini,  a  people  of  Gaul 

morior,  -i,  mortQtis  sum,  to  die; 
to  be  in  a  dying  state 

moror,  -ari,  -attis  sum,  to  de- 
lay, tarry 

mors,  -tis  (f.),  death 

morsus,  -us  (m.),  a  bite;  the  teeth 

mortalis,  -e,  mortal 

mortifer,  -3,,  -um,  deadly,  fatal 

mortuus,  -3.,  -um,  dead 

mOs,  moris  (m.),  custom,  way; 
mores,  character,  manners, 
morals 

motus,  -us  (m.),  a  motion,  move- 
ment; terrae  motus,  an  earth- 
quake 

moveo,  -erS,  movi,  motum,  to 
move,  affect;  arma  movere,  to 
take  up  arms;  seditionem  mo- 
v5re,  to  stir  up  a  sedition; 
possessionem  movSre,  to  dis- 
turb a  possession 

mox,  soon 

muliebris,  -e,  womanish 

muligr,  -is  (f.),  a  woman       [an 

muliercuia,  -ae  (f.),  a  little  wom- 


multitud5,-inis  (f.),  a  large  body, 
great  number,  crowd,  multi- 
tude 

multiis,  -a,  -um,  many 

mulus,  -i  (m.),  a  mule 

mundus,  -i  (m.),  the  world 

municeps,  -cipis  (m.  &  f.),  a 
citizen 

munltiO,  -onis  (f.),  fortifying,  a 
fortification,  intrenchment 

muniis,  -€ris  (n.),  a  gift 

muriis,  -i  (m.),  a  wall 

muto,  -ar6,  -avi,  -atGm,  to 
change 

mutuiis,  -&,  -um,  mutual;  mu- 
tuarum  rerum  commercium, 
trade  by  exchange  of  goods 

MuttO,  -onis  (m.),  Mutto,  king 
of  Tyre 

Mycale,  -es  (f.),  Mycale,  a  prom- 
ontory and  city  in  Ionia 

N. 

nam,  namquS,  for 

nanciscdr,  -i,  nactGs  sum,  to  get, 
to  find 

narratio,  -onis  (f.),  a  tale 

narro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
relate 

nasc5r,-i,  natus  sum,  to  be  born, 
to  be  produced;  to  take  origin 
from;  of  plants,  to  grow;  feli- 
citas  nascendi,  the  lucky  cir- 
cumstance of  birth;  ordo  na- 
scendi, priority  of  birth 

nasturtium,  -i  (n.),  watercress 

natio,  -onis  (f.),  a  nation 

natu,  in  age;  maximus  natu, 
oldest 

natura,  -ae  (f.),  nature,  natural 
quality 

naturalis,  ^,  natural 


159 


natiis,  -S,  -ilin,  old  (so  and  so 

many  years) ;  honesto  loco  na- 
tus,  sprung  from  a  decent 
family 

naufragium,  -i  (n.),  shipwreck 

navalis,  -e,  naval;  proelium  na- 
\aXe,  a  sea  fight;  bellum  navale, 
a  sea  war 

navigatIO,  -onis  (f.),  navigation^ 
a  voyage 

navigium,-!  (n.),  a  sailing  vessel 

navlgo,  -are, -avi,  -atum,  to  sail 

uavis,  -  (f.),  a  ship;  navis  longa, 
a  ship  of  loar^  a  galley;  navis 
oneraria,  a  ship  of  burden 

-ne,  interrogative  particle  =  ? 

n6,  not^  that  not,  lest;  ne  quis,  lest 
any  one;  ne . .  quidem,  not  even 

nee,  nor;  see  neque 

necesse,  necessary 

necessitas,  -atis  (f.),  necessity 

necessitiidd,  -inis  (f.),  necessity; 
pi.  relatives 

neco,  -are,  -avi  (necui),  -atum, 
to  put  to  death,  kill 

nefas,  indecl,  wrong 

neglggo,  -ere,  neglexT,  neglec- 
tuni,  to  neglect,  to  pay  no 
heed  to 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  de- 
clare that  not 

nemo  (Gen.  nulllus), no  one,  nobody 

neo,  -ere,  nevi,  netum,  to  spin 

nepos,  -Otis  (m.),  a  grandson 

nequaquam,  in  no  wise 

neque  (nee),  nor,  and  not;  ne- 
que. .neque,  neither,  .nor;  nee 
non,  and  besides;  nee  solum . . 
verum  etiam,  not  only.. but 
also;  neque  enim,  for;  neque 
modo..sed  etiam,  not  only., 
but  also 


n6qu6o,  -ir6,  -ivi,  -itiim,   not 

to  be  able 
nescio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itiim,  not  to 

know 
neve,  or  (that)  not,  and  (that)  not 
nex,  necis  (f.),  murder;  death 
ni,  if  not 
Nicias,   -ae    (m.),  Nicias,    an 

Athenian  general 
Nicocles,  -IS  (m.),  Nicocles,  ty- 
rant of  Sicily 
niger,  -ra,  -rum,  black 
nihil,  indecl,  nothing;  not  at  all; 

pro  nihilo  habere,  to  regard  as 

nothing 
nil  =  nihil 
nlmis,  too  much,  too;  non  nimis, 

not  very 
n!mius,-a,  -iim,  too  great,  exces- 
sive 
Ninus,  -i  (m.),  Ninus,  king  of 

the  Assyrians 
Ninyas  or  Ninya,  -ae  (m.),  Nin- 

yas,  son  of  Ninus 
nisi,  unless,  except,  without,  if 

not 
niteo,  -ere,  -ui,  (no  snp.),  to  be 

sleek  ' 
nitor,  -oris  (m.),  shine,  sheen 
nix,  nivis  (f.),  snow 
nobilitas,  -atis  (f.)  nobility 
noctu,  by  night 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  (no  sup),  to  be 

unwilling,  not  to  want 
nomen,   -inis   (n.),    a  name,  a 

word;  nomine,  by  name 
nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
non,  not  [name 

nondum,  not  yet 
nonng,  not? 
nonnisT,  except 
nonnulli,  -ae,  -a,  some 


—    160    — 


nonus,  -a,  -urn,  the  ninth 
nosco,   -ere,    nOvi,   notum,    to 

learn  to  know, become  acquaint- 
ed with 
noster,  -ra,  -rum,  our;  nostri, 

our  men 
nota,  -ae  (f.),  a  sign,  nod 
nOtus,-a,  -um,  known;  one  who 

knows 
novus,  -S,,  -iim,  new 
nox,  noctis  (f.),  the  night;  media 

nox,  midnight 
nubo,  -ere,  nupsi,  nuptum,  to 

marry  (of  the  woman) 
nullus,  -a,  -lim,  none,  no;  quam 

niiUus,  Jiow  insignificant 
numeci,  -iiiis  (n.),  deity;  divine 

will;   numine  quodam,  by  the 

will  of  the  gods 
numero,  -are,  -avT,  -atiim,  to 

pay  down 
numerus,    -i    (m.),    a    number, 

amount;  in  numero  nullo  esse, 

to  be  of  no  consequence 
nummiis,  -i  (m.),  a  coin,  money 
numquam,  never,  not  ever 
nunc,  noiv;   nunc.. nunc,  now.. 

now 
nuncupo,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 

declare 
nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,    to 

bring  word,  announce 
nuntlus,  -i  (m.),  neios,  message; 

a  messenger 
nuper,  (newly),  lately,  recently 
nusquam,  nowhere 
nutrlmentum,  -i   (n.),  nourish- 
ment; of  fire,  fuel 
nutrio,   -ire,    -ivi,    -Ttum,    to 

bring  up;    ignem  nutrire,    to 

feed  afire 
nutrix,  -icis  (f.),  a  nurse 


nutus,   -us   (m.),  a   nod,   beck; 


O. 

6b,  with  ace,  for,  on  account  of; 

quam  ob  rem,  thei^efor^e 
obduco,-ere,obduxi,  obductum, 

to  cover  over 
objiciO,  -ere,  obj6ci,  objectum, 

to  throw  in  the  way  of;  to  ^ore- 

sent 
oblige,   -are,  -avi,  -atum,   to 

bind 
obllviO,  -onTs  (f.),  forgetting 
obllviscor,   -i,   oblitus  sum,    to 

forget 
obnoxliis,  -a,  -lim,  liable 
obruo,  -ere,  obrui,  obrutumi,  to 

cover,  bury 
obscurus,  -a,  -um,  obscure 
obsequlum,  -i  (n.),  obedience 
obsequor,  -i,   obsecutus  sum,  to 

obey 
obsero,  -ere,  obsevi,  obsitum, 

to  sow,  p)lant 
obses,  -idis  (m.  &  f.),  a  hostage 
obsldeo,  -ere,  obsedi,  obsessum, 

to  beset,  besiege 
obsTdiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  siege,  block- 
ade 
obsisto,  -ere,  obstltT,  obstitum, 

to  oppose 
obtempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  submit  to 
obtineo,  -ere,  obtinui,  obtent  um, 

to  hold,  obtain 
obumbro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

overshadow 
obvTam,  in  the  way;  obviam  ha- 
bere, to  meet 
obvius,  -&,   -um,  in  the  way; 

obvium  habGre,  to  meet 


161 


occasiO,  -onTs  (f.),  a  favorable 
timej  oppo7'tu7iity,  chance 

occidens,  -tis  (m.),  tJie  setting 
sun,  West 

occldio,  -onis  (f.),  ct  massacre; 
occidione  caedere,  to  cut  down 
completely 

occido,  -ere,  occidi,  occasum, 
to  fall,  set 

occido,  -ere,  occidi,  occlsum,  to 
kill,  slay 

occulte,  secretly 

occultus,-a,-um,  hidden,  secret; 
in  occulto  esse,  to  remain 
hidden 

occumbo,  -ere,  occubui,  occii- 
bitum,  to  go  down;  occum- 
bere  mortem,  to  die 

occupatiO,  -onis  (f.),  an  engage- 
ment 

occupatus,  -a,  -uni,  surprised 

occiipo,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
take  possession  of,  to  occupy; 
transitum  occupare,  to  antic- 
ipate the  passage 

occurro,  -ere,  occurri  (occii- 
curri),  occursum,  to  run  up 
to,  to  meet;  obviam  occurrere, 
to  run  to  meet;  oculis  occur- 
rere, to  offer  to  the  sight 

octodecim,  eighteen 

octoginta,  eighty 

oculus,  -T  (m.),  the  eye;  sub  ocu- 
lis, in  the  sight  of 

odium,  -1  (n.),  hatred;  odium 
regis,  hatred  for  the  king 

odor,  -oris  (m.),  perfumery 

offendo,-ere,  offendi,  offensum, 
to  offend;  sibi  offendere,  to  in- 
jure one's  self;  pontem  offen- 
dere, to  hit  upon  the  bridge 

offensa,  -ae  (f.),  enmity 


offero,  -re,  obtCilI,  oblatum,  to 
offer;  se  offerre,  to  offer,  pre- 
sent one's  self;  periculis  so 
offerre,  to  oppose  one's  self  to 
dangers 

offlclum,  -i  (n.),  duty  [time 

olim,  informer  times,  once  on  a 

Olymplas,  -adis  (f.),  Olympian, 
Alexander's  mother 

Olympicus,  -a,  -tiiii  &  Olymplus, 
-a,  -um,  Olympic 

Olynthus,  -i  (f.),  Olynth,  a  city 
of  Thrace 

omen,  -inis  (n.),  an  omen 

omnino,  entirely 

omnis,  -e,  all,  whole 

onerarius,  -S.,  -um,  fit  for  bur- 
den; navis  oneraria,  a  ship  of 
burden 

onus,  -eris  (n.),  a  burden,  load 

onustus,  -a,  -um,  loaded;  onusta 
navis,  a  freighted  vessel 

opera, -ae  (f.),  care,  pains,  help; 
operam  consumere,  to  take 
pains 

operosus,  -a,  -um,  sumptuous, 
costly 

6plni5,  -onis  (f.),  expectation 

oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  (no  sup.),  it 
behooves,  one  must,  ought,  is  to 
be 

oppidum,  -i  (n.),  a  town 

oppono,  -ere,  opposuT,  oppo- 
situm,  to  oppose 

opportune,  opportunely 

opportimus,  -a,  -um,  conveni- 
ent, suitable,  timely 

opprimo,  -ere,  oppress!,  oppres- 
sum,  to  crush,  oppress;  to 
surprise 

(ops),  6pis  (f.),  help;  pi.  riches^ 
power 


162    — 


opsone,    -arS,    -avi,     -atum, 

[bipuvEO)),  to  buy  provisions: 
opsonare  famem,  to  get  iqy  an 
appetite 

optatus,  -a,  -iim,  ivished  for, 
desirable 

optimiis,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of  bo- 
nus, excellent;  optime,  very 
well 

opto,  -arg,  -a\T,  -atfim,  to 
wish 

opulentia,  -ae  (f.),  luealth 

opulentius,  more  sumptuously 

opulentiis,  -S,,  -um,  wealthy, 
rich 

opus,  -eris  (n.),  work;  opus  est, 
it  is  needful,  wanted;  opus  tec- 
tormm,  stucco 

Ora,  -ae  (f.),  a  coast;  era  mari- 
tima,  a  sea-shore 

oraculum,  -T  (n.),  an  oracle 

oratiO,  -onis  (f.),  ci  speech,  ha- 
rangue; insignis  oratio,  extra- 
ordinary style  of  speech 

orator,  -oris  (m.),  an  orator 

Oratorius,  -&,  -um,  oratorical 

orbis,  -  (m.),  a  circle;  orbis  (ter- 
rarum),  the  wide  world,  the 
world;  impermm  orbis,  the  em- 
pire of  the  world 

orbitas,  -atis  (f.),  bereavement 

ordO,  -inTs  (m.),  order,  rank, 
class;  ordo  successionis,  reg- 
ular succession;  ordo  nascendi, 
priority  of  birth 

oriens,  -tis,  rising;  sc.  sol,  (m.), 
rising  sun  =  East 

Qrlgo,  -inis  (f.),  origin 

orior,  -iri,  ortus  sum,  to  rise, 
arise 

ornatus,  -us  (m.),  adornment, 
beauty  of  style 


orno,  -are,    -avi,    -atfim,    to 

adorn 


oro,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to  beg, 

beseech,  entreat 
ortus,  -us  (m.),  a  rising,  birth 
OS,  oris  (n.),  the  mouth,  face 
OS,  ossis  (u.),  a  bone 
oscidor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  kiss 
ostendo,  -ere,    ostendi,    osten- 

stim,  to  show 
otiosus,  -S-,  -um,  at  leisure 


pacisc5r,  -i,  pactQs  sum,  to  stip- 
ulate 
pactus,  -&,  -tim,  stipulated 
paene,  almost 

paenitenti3»,  -ae  (f.),  repentance 
paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  (no  sup.),  to 

be  sorry  for,  repent,  regret 
pagQs,  -i  (m.),  a  district 
palam,  openly 

pallitim,  -i  (n.),  a  cloak,  robe 
palmgs,  -itis  (m.),  a  branch 
palus,  -tidis  (f.),  a  swamp 
panis,  -  (m.),  bi^ead 
pannostis,  -3.,  -tim,  ragged 
par,  paris,  like,  equal;  same 
paratus,  -3,,  -um,  ready 
parco,  -ere,  peperci,  parsiim, 

to  spare 
parens,  -tis  (m.  &  f.),  a  parent 
parents,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 
bring  funeral  sacrifices,  to  do 
honor  to  the  dead 
pareo,-ere,-ui,  (no  sup.),  to  obey 
pario,  -ere,  peperi,  partum,  to 

bear,  bring  forth 
pariter,  alike,  equally 
paro,  -are,    -avT,    -atiim,    to 
make  ready,  prepare,  get  ready 
for;  exercitum  parare,  to  get 


—    163 


ready  an  army;  naves  parare, 
to  equip  ships;  latos  fines  pa- 
rare,  to  acquire  extensive  pos- 
sessio7is;  interitum  parare,  to 
bring  destruction  upon 

parricIdiQin,  -i  (n.),  foul  mur- 
der,the  murder  of  one's  relative 

pars,  -tis  (f.),  a  partj  portion, 
side;  pi.  party;  in  contrarias 
partes,  in  opposite  directions 

parsimonia,  -ae  {t),  frugality 

particeps,  -cipis,  sharing ,  par- 
taking; Bubst.,  a  sharer 

partim,  partly 

partio,  -ire,  (-ivi)  -ii,  -itum, 
to  distribute 

parum,  but  little,  too  little,  not 
enough 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  very  small; 
as  subst.,  a  little  one 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  small 

passim,  at  different  places 

passiis,  -us  (m.),  a  pace;  mille 
passuum,  lOOO  paces,  a  Roman 
mile 

pastor,  -oris  (m.),  a  herdsman, 
shepherd 

patefacio,  -ere,  patefSci,  patS- 
factum,  to  open;  to  bring  to 
light 

pateo,-ere,  -uT,  (no  sup.),  to  stand 
or  be  open 

pater,  -ris  (m.),  a  father 

patera,  -ae  (f.),  a  cup 

paternus,  -a,  -um,  paternal 

patior,  -1,  passiis  sum,  to  suffer, 
endure,  permit;  gravem  pati, 
to  be  indignant  at 

patria,  -ae  (f.),  one's  own  coun- 
try, native  land 

patrimonilim,  -i  (n.),  an  inherit- 
ance^ property 


patrutis,  -i  (m.),  an  uncle 

paucitas,  -atis  (f.),  fewness, 
small  number 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  small;  pauci, 
few,  (but)  few 

paulatim,  little  by  little,  gradually 

paululum,  a  very  little 

paulum,  a  little;  abl.  paulo;  paulo 
ante,  a  short  while  ago 

pauper,  -is,  poor 

pavens,  -tis,  struck  with  fear 

pavidus,  -a,  -um,  timid 

pax,  pacis  (f.),  peace 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to  do 
wrong,  sin 

pecLinia,  -ae  (f.),  money 

pecus,  ~6ris  (n.),  cattle,  sheep 

pecus,-udis  (f.),  a  head  of  cattle, 
an  animal 

pedester,  -ris,  -re,  on  foot,  by 
land;  pedestres  copiae,  land 
forces;  proelium  pedestre, 
battle  by  land 

pelagus,  -i  (n.),  the  sea 

pello,  -ere,  peptili,  pulsiim,  to 
drive,  to  beat;  regno,  imperio 
pellere,  to  drive  from  the  throne 

Peloponngsius,  -i  (m.),  a  Felo- 
ponnesian 

Peloponnesus,  -i  (f.),  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus 

penes,  with  ace,  with,  in  posses- 
sion of 

penetrabilis,  -e,  penetrable 

pgnitus,  entirely,  thoroughly 

penna,  -ae  (f.),  a  feather;  cele- 
ritas  pennae,  swiftness  of 
flight 

pensum,  -i  (n.),  a  task 

p6r,  with  ace,  through,  by  means 
of;  during;  per  ordinem,  in 
order;  per  somaum,iri  his  sleep 


—    164 


pgragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 

ivander  over 

percTpio,  -ere,  percepT,  percep- 
tum,  to  receive,  hear;  to  learn 

percontor,  -ari,  -atiis  sum,  to 
aak 

perciilsiis,  -&,  -uni,  panic- 
stricken 

Perdiccas,  -ae  (m.),  Ferdiccas, 
one  of  Alexander's  officers 

perdltus,  -a,  -um,  ruined 

perdomc),  -are,  perdOmui,  per- 
doinituin,  to  subjugate 

perdiico,  -6re,  perduxi,  perduc- 
tum,  to  bring,  lead  over 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  from  a- 
broad,  foreign;  subst.,  a  for- 
eigner 

pereo,  -ire,  -ii,  - itum,  to  perish 

perfero,  -re,  pertulT,  perlatum, 
to  get  th7'ough,  convey;  to  en- 
dure to  the  end 

perfTcio,  -erg,  perfecT,  perfec- 
tum,  to  bring  about,  accom- 
plish 

perfldia,  -ae  (f.),  bad  faith,  per- 
fidy 

pergo,-ere,  perrexi,  perrectum, 
to  go  on 

perlcliira  =  perlculum 

periculosiis,  -a,  -um,  dangerous 

perrciilum,  -T  (n.),  a  risk,  dan- 
ger; pericidum  facere,  to  make 
the  experiment 

perltiis,  -a,  -um,  experienced, 
skilled ;  peritissimus,  well 
versed 

perlego,  -ere,  perlegi,  perlec- 
tum,  to  read  to  the  end 

permaneo,  -ere,  permansT,  per- 
mansiim,  to  persevere;  mos 
permanet,  the  custovi  lasts 


permitto,  -ere,  permisi,  permis- 
sum,  to  permit,  alloiv;  admi- 
nistrationem,  potestatem  per- 
mittere,  to  intrust  the  adminis- 
tration, power 
permotiis,  -a,  -um,  influenced 
permCito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

interchange 
pernlcies,  -ei  (f.),  ruin 
perpastus,  -a,  -um,  well-fed 
perpes,  -etis,  continuous 
perpetior,  -i,  perpessGs  sum,  to 

endure 
perpetuo,  forever 
perpetuus,  -3.,-um,  continuous; 
perpetilum  exsilium  agere,  to 
live  in  exile  for  life;  perpetuus 
honor,  dignity  for  life 
Persa,  -ae  (m.),  a  Persian 
perscrlbo,  -ere,  perscripsi,  per- 
scriptum,  to  report  (in  writ- 
ing) 
perscrutor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 

examine 
Persepolis,  -  (f.),  Persepolis,  cap- 
ital of  the  Persians 
persequor,  -i,  persecutus  sum, 

to  pursue 
Perses,  -ae  (m.),  a  Persian 
persevero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  persevere 
Persicus,  -a,  -um,  Persian 
perspicio,  -ere,  perspexi,  per- 

spectum,  to  explore 
persuadeo,  -ere,  persiiasi,   per- 
SLiasum,  to 2')ersuade,  convince 
perterritus,    -a,    -tim,    greatly 

frightened,  alarmed 
perutilis,  -e,  very  useful 
pervenio,  -ire,  pervSni,  perven- 
tum,   to    reach;    eodem    per- 
venire,  to  reach  the  same  point 


—    165 


pSs,  pedis  (m.),  afoot 

pestis,  -  (f.),  a%)lcigu6 

petltus,  -a,  -um,  sought-for 

peto,  -ere,  petivi,  petitum,  to 
make  for;  to  beg^  seek,  ask; 
petitum  est,  they  asked  him; 
pacem  petere,  to  sue  for  peace; 
Siciliam  petere,  to  make  for 
Sicily;  praetorium  petere,  to 
attack  the  headquarters;  auxi- 
lium  petere,  to  ask  for  assist- 
ance 

petulans,  -tis,  impudent 

Phalereus, -ei  (m.),  Phalereus,  a 
ruler  of  Athens  and  a  famous 
orator 

Phalericus,  -a,  -um,  Phalerian 

phiditia,  -orum  (n.  pi.),  the  pub- 
lic meals  of  the  Lacedaemon- 
ians 

Philipptis,  -1  (m.),  Philip,  king 
of  Macedon 

philosoplius,  -i  (m.),  a  philoso- 
pher 

Phintias,  -ae  (m.),  Phintias,  a 
Pythagorean 

PhoenTce,  -es  (f.),  Phoenice 

Phoenix,-icis  (m.),  a  Phoenician 

Phthia,-ae  (f.),  Phthia,  the  birth- 
place of  Achilles 

pictus,  -a,  -um,  embroidered; 
magnificis  operibus  pictus, 
magnificently  embroidered 

pietas,  -atis  (f.),  (filial)  duty, 
affection,  piety;  pietatis  jura, 
the  rights  of  duty 

piia,  -ae  (f.),  a  ball 

pingo,  -ere,  pinxi,  pictum,  to 
paint,  embroider 

piscatorius,  -a,  -um,  of  fisher- 
men; scapha  piscatoria,  a  fish- 
ing boat 


piscis,  -  (m.),  a  fish 
Pisistratus,  -i  (m.),  PisistratuS} 

a  tyrant  of  Athens 
plus,  -a,  -um,  pious;    pia  hu« 

manitas,  kind  feelings 
placeo,   -ere,    -uT,    -itum,    to 

please;   mihi  placet,   /  am  of 

opinion 
placldus,  -a,  -um,  gentle 
plane,  absolutely,  clea7^ly;    bene 

planeque,  full  ivell 
planTils,  more  distinctly 
planum,  -i  (n.),  a  plane 
planus,  -a,  -lim,  level 
Plataeae,  -arum  (f.  pi.),  Plataea 
Plataeenses,  -ium  (m.  pi.),   the 

Plataeans,  inhabitants  of  Pla- 
taea 
Plato,  -onis  (m.),  Plato 
plaustrum,  -i  (n.),  a  wagon 
plebs,   plebis   (f.),   the   common 

people,  commonalty 
plecto,  -ere,   (no  perf.),  plexum, 

to  punish 
pleniis,   -a,   -um,  full;    plenus 

artis,  richly  wrought 
plerlque,     pleraeque,     pleraque, 

most,  the  majority,  many 
plerumque,  for  the  greater  part, 

geneimlly 
plures,  -a,  more;  many,  several 
plurimiis,  -a,  -um,  very  much 
plus,  pluris,  more 
pociilum,  -1  (n.),  a  cup 
poena,    -ae    (f.),    punishment; 

poenas  repetere,    to    demand 

satisfaction;    poenas   dare,  to 

suffer  punishment 
poenitentla,  -ae  (f.),  repentance; 

also  written  paenitentia 
polliceor,   -eri,   -itus  sum,   to 

promise 


—    166    — 


Polydectes,  -ae  (m.),  Polydectes, 
king     of    Sparta,     Lycurgus' 
brother 
pondus,  -eris  (n.),  weight 
pOno,  -ere,  posui,  positum,  to 
put,  place;  conditio  ponitur,  a 
choice  is  left;  tunicam  ponere, 
to  take  off  the  tunic;  timorem 
ponere,  to  dismiss  fear';  posi- 
tum esse,  to  depend 
pons,  -tis  (m.),  a  bridge 
pontic ulus,  -i  (m.),  a  little  bridge 
popularis,  -e,  p)opular 
populuSj-i  (m.),  a  people,  nation 
porrectiis,  -3,,  -um,  outstretched 
porrlgo,  -ere,  porrexi,  porrec- 

tum,  to  put  out 
porro,  moreover 
porta,  -ae  (f.),  a  gate 
portendo,   -ere,   portendi,   por- 

tentum,  to  portend 
portus,  -lis  (ra.),  a  port,  harbor 
posltus,  -a,  -una,  placed;  posi- 
tum esse,  to  depend  on 
possessi6,-onis  (f.),  a  possession 
possideo,  -ere,  possedi,  posses- 
sum,  to  hold,  occupy 
possum,   possg,   potiii,   (no  sup.), 
can,  to  be  able;  omnia  posse,  to 
be  all-powerful 
post,  w.  ace,  after,  behind 
postea,    after   that,    afterwards; 

postga  quam,  after 
posterus,   -a,   -um,   following, 
next;  poster!,  -orum  (m.  pi), 
the  descendxints,  posterity 
postquam,  posteaquam,  after 
postremiis,  -S,  -um,    last;   po- 
stremo,  ad  postremum,  at  last 
postrldig,  next  day,  following  day 
postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
require,  demand,  claim 


postumus,  -a,  -um,  born  after 
the  father^ s  death,  late-born 

potens,  -tis,  powerful 

potent! a, -ae  (f.),  power,  capacity 

potestas,  -atis  (f.),  power,  com- 
mand; potestas  bellOrum,  con- 
trol of  wars;  p.  vitae  necisque, 
power  of  life  and  death 

potiSr,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  to  get  or 
hold  possession  of;  rerum  po- 
tlri,  to  gain  dominion 

potisslmiim,  chiefly;  if  possible 

potlus,  rather 

prae,  w.  abl,  for,  on  account  of; 
in  comparison  with 

praebgo,  -ere,  -uT,  -Itiim,  to 
offer;  ub6ra  praebere,  to  suckle; 
speciem  praebSre,  to  famish 
the  appearance;  se  praebere, 
to  offer  one's  self 

praeceptum,  -T  (n.),  an  order 

praeclpio,  -ere,  praec6pi,  prae- 
ceptum, to  order,  enjoin,  di- 
rect 

praeclarS,  very  well 

praeclarQs,  -&,  -um,  splendid, 
illustrious;  praeclara,  illus- 
trious deeds 

praecludo,  -ere,  praeclusT,  prae- 
clusum,  to  shut  up;  praeclusa 
voce,  his  voice  failing  him 

praeco,  -onis  (m.),  a  crier,  her- 
ald, proclaimer 

praeda,  -ae  (f.),  booty,  plunder 

praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
declare;  to  praise,  laud 

praeditus,  -3,,  -um,  gifted,  en- 
dowed; possessed  of 

praefectus,  -i  (m.),  a  prefect 

praefero,  -re,  praetuli,  praela- 
tum,  to  prefer;  omen  prsLefervGj 
to  present  an  omen 


I6t    - 


praeficio,  -ere,  praefgci,  prac- 
fectuni,  to  put  over,  to  appoint 

praemitto,  -ere,  praemisi,  prae- 
missuiii,  to  send  ahead 

praemium,  -I  (n.),  a  reward 

praemoneo,  -ere,  -iii,  -itum,  to 
forewarn 

praenuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atiini, 
to  foretell 

praeparattis,  -a,  -um,  ready 

praepono,  -ere,  praeposui,  prae- 
positum,  to  place  first,  prefer; 
genti  praeponere,  to  set  over  a 
tribe;  ducem  praepongre,  to 
put  in  command;  praepositus, 
set  over 

praesagiens,  -tis,  presaging; 
quiddam  praesagiens,  some 
touch  of  presage 

praesagltid,  -onis  (f.),  presaging 

praesens,  -tis,  present;  ad  prae- 
sens  tempus,  for  the  moment; 
praesens  mors,  imminent  death 

praesentiens,  -tis,  foreboding; 
quiddam  praesentiens,  some- 
thing like  foreboding 

praesidium,  -i  (n.),  help,  protec- 
tion; a  garrison 

praestO,  present,  at  hand,  ready 

praesto, -arg,  praestitT,  (no  sup.), 
to  show,  perform;  fulfill  (a 
promise);  to  surpass;  officTum 
praestare,  to  perform,  dis- 
charge a  duty;  tutum  praestare, 
to  keep  safe;  praestat,2^  is  better 

praesum,  praeesse,  praeful,  (no 
sup.),  to  be  at  the  head,  to  com- 
mand; rebus  divlnis  praeesse, 
to  preside  over  religious  rites; 
bello  praeesse,  to  have  the  com- 
mand in  war 

praetgr,  w.  ace,  except,  beyond 


praeterga,  besides 

praetor,  -oris  (m.),  a  general, 

leader 
praetOriiim,  -T  (n.),  the  general's 

tent,  headquarters 
prandeo,-ere,  prandi,  pransum, 

to  breakfast 
preces,   -uiu   (f.  pi.),    prayers, 

entreaty;     summis     precibus, 

with  every  entreaty 
precor,-ari,  -atiis  sum,  to  pray, 

supplicate 
premo,  -ere,  pressi,  pressum, 

to  press  hard;  vocem  premere, 

to  be  silent 
pretiostis,   -a,   -um,  precious, 

costly 
pretium,  -i  (n.),  a  price 
pridem,  long  since 
prlmiis,  -a,  -tim,  first;  primo, 

at  first;  primum,  first;  in  pri- 

mis,  especially;   primas  dare, 

to  give  the  first  place 
princeps,  -ipis   (m.),  a  x)rince, 

chief;  the  first 
princTpium,  -i  (n.),  a  beginning; 

principia,  the  elements 
prior,  -us,   former,  previous; 

more  excellent 
pristlnus,  -a,  -uni,  former,  pre- 
vious, original 
prius,  formerly 
prTusquam,    before    that,  sooner 

than 
privatiis,-a,-uin,  private;  subst., 

a  private  citizen 
privTlegium,  -i  (n.),  a  privilege 
pro,  w.  abl.,  for,  instead  of,   in 

proportion  to;  in  behalf  of 
probatus,  -a,  -iim,  of  a2yproved 

goodness;  minus  probatus,  not 

so  good 


168    — 


pro  bo,  -are,    -avi,   -atum,  to 

approve 
procax,  -acts,  shameless 
procedo,  -ere,  prOcessi,  proces- 
sum,  to  go  on,  proceed;  obvi- 
um  procedere,   to  proceed    to 
meet 
procelia,  -ae  (f.),  a  storm 
procreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

bring  forth;  pass.,  to  he  horn 
procdl,  at  a  disiancey  from  afar 
prOcuratiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  charge 
prOcurro,  -ere,  procurri  (procii- 
curri),    prOcursum,    to    rush 
forwards 
prOdlgium,  -T  (n.),  an  omen 
proditor,  -oris  (m.),  a  traitor 
prodo,  -gre,  prodidi,  proditum, 
to  disclose;  memoriae  prodere, 
to  record;  proditum  est,  it  has 
been  recorded,  there  is  a  tradi- 
tion; aquilam  prodere,  to  give 
up  the  standard 
proeli6r,-ari,-atus  sum,  to  fight 
proellum,-!  (n.),  a  skirmish,  hat- 
tie 
profecto,  really,  indeed 
profero,  -re,  prOtulI,  prolatum, 
to  bring  forth,  extend;  in  lo- 
cum editum  proferre,  to  bring 
to  an  elevated  spot;  artem  pro- 
ferre, to  bring  out  an  art;  ca- 
put proferre,  to  put  out  one's 
head;   in  forum  .  proferre,    to 
bring  into  the  market 
proficiscor,   -T,   profectiis  sum, 
to  set  out,  to  proceed,  depart; 
in  bellum  proficisci,   to  go  to 
war;  proficisci  ad  mortem,  to 
go  to  die 
profiteor,  -erf,  professiis  sum, 
to  profess;  give  in  one's  name 


prof ugio, -ere,  profugT,  profugi- 
turn,  to  flee  away,  escape 

prOgrediSr,  -i,  progressus  sum, 
to  proceed,  advance;  cultius 
progredi,  to  walk  along  more 
elegantly 

prShibeo,  -ere,  -iii,  -itum,  to 
keep  from,  hinder;  to  forbid; 
prohibere  ab  injuria,  to  protect 
from  injury;  pr6hibita,-oruin 
(n.  pi.),  forbidden  things 

proinde,  accordingly,  therefore 

prOjIcio,  -ere,  projeci,  projec- 
tum,to  cast  forth;  se  projicSre, 
to  rush 

prOloquor,  -i,  prolocutiis  sum, 
to  speak  out 

prOmissus,  -3-,  -iim,  long,  flow- 
ing 

promitto,  -ere,  prOmisT,  promis- 
sum,  to  promise 

promptus,  -a,  -urn,  forward, 
ready 

promuntorliim,  -i  (n.),  a  prom- 
ontory 

pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
to  denote,  declaim 

proniis,  -3,,  -um,  sloping  down 

prope,  with  ace,  near,  hard-by; 
adv.  nearly,  almost;  near,  nigh 

propediem,  at  an  early  day 

propello,  -ere,  prOpuli,  propul- 
sum,  to  repel 

propinquus,  -a,  -iim,  near;  pro- 
pinquus,  subst.,  a  relative 

prOpdno,  -ere,  proposuT,  propo- 
situm,  to  set  before,  to  issue; 
proposita  fuga,  flight  put  before 
the  eyes 

proprletas,  -atis  (f.),  possession 

proprius,  -3,  -um,  own;  pro- 
prium  est,  it  is  the  mark 


169    — 


propter,  w.  ace,  on  account  of^  in 
consequence  of 

propterea,  on  that  account 

prorsiis,  wholly,  absolutely;  pre- 
cisely 

proscrlbo,  -ere,  proscripsi,  pro- 
scrij)tiini,  to  write  upon 

prOsequor,  -i,  prOsecCitus  sum, 
to  follow 

Proserpina,  -ae  (f.),  Proserpine 

prosper,  -a,  -iini,  favorable 

prospTcio,  -ere,  prospexi,  pro- 
spectum,  to  foresee 

prosum,  prOdesse,  proful,(no8up.), 
to  he  useful^to  benefit,  to  do  good 

protinus,  on  the  spot,  immediately 

prOtraho,  -ere,  protraxi,  prO- 
tractum,  to  protract 

provgho,  -ere,  provexi,  provec- 
tum,  to  promote;  provehi  in 
altum,  to  proceed  to  the  deep 
water 

provenio,  -Tre,  proveni,  prOven- 
tum,  to  be  born 

provideo,  -ere,  provIdT,  prOvI- 
sum,  to  foresee 

provoco,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  to 
call  forth 

proximus,  -S,  -Gm,  next;  pro- 
xima  quaeque  victoria,  every 
preceding  victory;  proxima 
nocte,  last  night;  proximi  (m. 
pi),  the  nearest  relatives 

prudens,  -tis,  foreseeing ^  sen- 
sible, prudent 

prytaneum,  -i  (n.),  the  pryta- 
neum,  or  town-hall 

Ptolemaetis,  -i  (m.),  Ptolemy,  the 
name  of  the  kings  of  Egypt 
after  Alexander  the  Great 


S£:^Hs}<'/^"^-'^' 


adult 


publicus,  -S,,  -fim,  public;  pu- 
hilee,  publicly,  at  the  cost  ofiJu 
state,  in  behalf  of  the  state;  in 
publico,  in  the  street;  in  publi- 
cum, in  public 
Publlfis,    -1     (m.),    Publius,     a 

Roman  praenomen 
pudor,  -oris  (m.),  shame 
puer,  -i  (m.),  a  boy,  a  slave;  ad- 

modum  puer,  a  mere  boy 
pueritia,  -ae  (f.),  boyhood 
pugna,  -ae  (f.),  a  fight,  battle 
pugnans,-tis  (m.),  a  fighting  man 
pugno,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,  to 
fight;  pugnatum  est,  the  battle 
was  fought 
pulcher,  -rS,  -rum,  fine 
pulchritudd,,-5nis  (f.),  beauty 
pulmentarium,  -i  (n.),  a  dainty 
pulraentiim,  -i  (n.),  delicate  fare 
pulso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  beat 
purpura,  -ae  (f.),  purple 
puslO,  -onis  (m.),  an  urchin 
piitamen,  -inis  (n.),  the  shell  of 

a  nut 
puto,    -are,    -avi,   -atum,    to 

think,  consider 
Pygmalion,  -onis  (m.),  Pygma- 
lion, king  of  Tyre 
pyra,  -ae  (f.),  a  funeral  pile 
'Pythsig6rSiS,-SLe  {m..),  Pythagoras 
Pythagoreus,  -i  (m.),  a  Pythago- 
\rean 
Q. 
quadraginta,  forty 
quadratum,  -i  (n.),  a  square 
quadriduum,  -i  (n.),  a  space  of 

four  days 
quadrigae, -arum  (f.  pL),  a  team 
of  four  horses;   quadrigarum 
currus,   a   chariot  drawn  by 
four  horses 


—  ilo  — 


quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quae- 
situm,  to  ask,  seek;  gratiam 
quaerere,  to  oUain  favor;  se- 
des  quaerere,  to  search  for 
settlements;  labor  quaerendi, 
acquisitive  disposition;  quae- 
situs,  sought  for 

quaeso,  I  pray,  prithee 

quaestiO,  -onis  (f.),  a  question, 
a  subject  of  inqui7'y ;  quaestioni 
esse,  to  he  doubtful 

quaestfir,  -oris  (m.),  a  pay- 
master, quaestor 

quaestus,  -us  (m.),  gain;  quae- 
stus  divitiarum,  the  way  of 
making  riches 

qualiS;-e,  (such)  as,  of  which  sort 

qualitercunquG,  howsoever 

quam,  as,  how,  than;  quam . . 
tarn,  as  . .  so;  quam  primum, 
as  soon  as  jjossible;  quam  w. 
superl.,  as.  .as  possible 

quamquam,   although;   neverthe- 

quamvls,  though  [less 

quantus,  -a,  -tim,  how  much, 
as  much  as 

quare,  wherefore,  why 

quarttis,  -a,  -uin,  the  fourth 

quasi,  as  if;  as  it  were 

quattiior,  four 

-que,  and 

quemadmodum,  how 

querella,  -ae  (f.),  a  complaint 

qu6rdr,  -i,  questtis  sum,  to  com- 
plain 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.,  who,  which, 
that;  interrog.,  what  (manner 
of)?  qui,  qua,  quod,  indef.,  any, 
some  —  qui,  how? 

quia,  because 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumqug,  whoever,  whatever 


quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  (quid- 
dam),  someone,  a  certain;  quo- 
dam  modo,  in  a  certain  meas- 
ure; quiddam  praesentiens,  di- 
vinans,  some  touch  of  presage, 
divination;  divlnum  quiddam, 
a  divine  something 

quidgm,  true,  indeed;  ne . .  qui- 
dem,  not.  .even 

quies,  -etis  (f.),  rest,  sleep 

quiesco,  -ere,  qulevi,  quietiini, 
to  rest,  to  be  at  rest,  to  keep 
quiet;  to  retire  to  rest 

quietCis,  -a,  -um,  quiet 

(luln,  (how  not),  so  as  not;  why 
not;  quin  etlam,  yea  indeed 

quindecim,  fifteen 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  five  hundred 

quinquaginta,  fifty 

quinqug,  five 

quinquennium,  -T  (n.),  a  space  of 
five  years 

quintus,  -&,  -uui,  the  fifth 

Quinttis,-!  (m.),  Quintus,^.  Roman 
praenomen 

quippe,  namely,  for 

quis? — quid?  who?  what?  quid? 
why? 

quis,  qua,  quid,  indef,  some  one, 
any  one;  ne  quis,  lest  any  one, 
that  no  one 

quisnam?  quidnam?  who?  what 

quisquam,  quidquam,  any  at  all 

quisqug,  quaeque,  quidque  (quod- 
que),  each  one 

quisquis,  quidquid,  whoever, 
whatever 

quo,  whither,  to  whom,  to  which 

quo,  with  compar.,  that  the 

quoad,  as  long  as,  until 

quod,  that,  in  that,  because; 
quodsi,  if 


lYl 


quomodo,  how 

quondam,  formerly 

quoniam,    (noio  ihat)^  since,    as 

quoque,  also  [indeed 

quotiens,  how  often 

K. 

rabidus,  -a,  -um,  savage 

radlcula,  -ae  (f.),  a  rootlet,  root 

radix,  -icis  (f.),  a  root;  radices 
Caucasi,  ^/le/oo^  of  the  Caucasus 

ramOsus,  -S,  -um,  branching; 
ramOsa  cornua,  antlers 

ramulus,  -i  (m.),  a  little  twig 

rana,  -ae  (f.),  a  frog 

rapinS.,  -ae  (f.),  plunder 

rapio,  -ere,  rapui,  raptum,  to 
carry  off,  rob,  steal;  raptiis, 
-a,  -um,  carried  with,  stolen; 
raptae  virgines,  the  captured 
virgins 

raptor,  -oris  (m.),  a  plunderer 

raro,  seldom 

ratio,  -onis  (f.),  reasoning,  ac- 
count; a  method,  way;  ratio 
rei  militaris,  the  principles  of 
military  discipline 

ratis,  -  (f.),  a  raft 

reatus,-us  {m.),an  impeachment 

rebello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
revolt,  rebel 

recedo,  -ere,  recessi,  recessum, 
to  retire 

recens,-tis,  fresh;  recens  tabula, 
a  freshly  written  tablet 

rScido,  -ere,  recidi,  recasum,  to 
recoil 

rgcipio,  -ere,  recepl,  receptum, 
to  take  back;  to  take  in;  in 
fidem  recipgre,  to  take  under 
protection;  se  recipgre,  to  with- 
draw; to  come  back 


recordatiO,  -onis  (f.),  remember- 
ing 

recordor,  -ari,  -attis  sum,  to 
remember 

recumbo,  -ere,  recubiii,  r6cu- 
bituui,  to  lie  down  again 

recLipero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
recover 

reddo,  -ere,  reddidi,  redditum, 
to  give  back;  to  make,  render 

redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itflm,  to  re- 
turn 

redigo,  -ere,  redegi,  rgdactiim, 
to  bring  back,  reduce;  in  capti- 
vitatem  redigere,  to  reduce  to 
captivity 

reditus,  -us  (m.),  return 

refectus,  -a,  -umi,  revived 

refero,  -re,  retuli  (rettuli),  rela- 
tiim,  to  bring  back,  report, 
relate;  controversTam  referre, 
to  start  a  question;  ad  aliquem 
referre,  to  refer  to  some  one; 
pedem  referre,  to  retreat 

refertus,  -a,  -um,  (choke-)full, 
full  to  overflowing 

reficio,  -ere,  refeci,  rSfectum, 
to  repair;  to  refresh,  recover 

rgfugium,  -i  (n.),  a  refuge 

regalis,  -e,  royal,  regal 

regia,  -ae  (f.),  the  king's  palace 

reglna,  -ae  (f.),  a  queen 

Regini,  -oriim  (m.  pi.),  the  Re- 
gini,  inhabitants  of  Regium 

regi5,  -onis  (f.),  a  country,  re- 
gion, province 

Regiiim,  -i  (n.),  Regium,  a  town 
on  the  Sicilian  Straits 

regius,  -a,  -um,  of  a  king^ 
royal 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  he 
king,  to  reign 


—   172   — 


regniiiii,  -i  (n.),  royal  power ^ 
kingdom^  realm,  throne;  reg- 
num  agitare,to  sjjend  the  reign; 
regna  exercere,  to  tyrannize 

regredior,  -T,  regressus  sum,  to 
step  hack,  to  return 

reltgio,  -onis  (f.),  religious  feel- 
ing; divine  service;  metus  re- 
ligiOnis,  religious  aive;  religio 
juris  jurandi,  the  obligation  of 
an  oath;  cruenta  sacrOrum  re- 
ligio, bloody  sacrifices 

relinquo,  -ere,  rgllqui,  relictum, 
to  leave 

reliquiis,  -S,  -um,  (ivhat  is  left), 
remaining,  rest 

remaneo,  -ere,  remansT,  reman- 
siliii,  to  remain,  stay  behind 

remediuin,  -i  (n.),  a  remedy 

remissio,  -onis  (f.),  a  depression 

remitto,-ere,  remlsT,  remissiim, 
to  send  back,  to  slack 

removeo,  -ere,  remOvi,  remO- 
tum,  to  move  back,  to  remove 

rcmus,  -i  (m.),  an  oar;  inliibCre 
rem  is,  to  row  a  ship  back- 
wards; remis  incitare,  to  set  in 
rapid  motion  luith  the  oars 

renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  to 
renew 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atQin,  to 
report 

reor,  -eri,  ratus  sum,  to  think, 
suppose 

reparo,  -are, -avi,  -atum,  to  re- 
new 

repello,  -ere,  repuli,  repulsum, 
to  drive  back,  reject 

repente,  suddenly 

repentinus,  -3,,  -um,  sudden 

reperio,-ire,  repperi,  repertuin, 
to  discover,  find 


repeto,  -ere,  repgtivi,  r6p6ti- 
tiSm,  to  seek  again,  to  dis- 
cover; poenas  repetere,  to 
demand  satisfaction;  altius  re- 
petere, to  begin  further  back; 
Siciliam  repetere,  to  return  to 
Sicily;  sacra  repetere,  to  re- 
cover the  sacred  vessels;  cer- 
tamen  repetere,  to  renew  a 
contest 

reprimo,  -ere,  repress!,  rgpres- 
sum,  to  keep  back 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -attim,  to 
reject 

require,  -erg,  rgquTsivi,  requi- 
situm,  to  inquire  after;  to  re- 
quire 

res,  r6I  (f.),  a  thing,  an  event,  a 
circumstance,  an  affair,  a 
deed;  res  gestae,  exploits, 
achievements;  res  TyriOrum, 
the  history  of  the  Tyrians;  res 
publica,  a  commonwealth;  res 
male  acta,  a  failure;  res  mari- 
timae,  naval  operations;  res 
militaris,  military  affairs;  res 
divlnae,  religious  rites;  res 
gerundae,  public  business;  re- 
rum  abundantia,  riches,  (res  is 
often  to  be  translated  by  com- 
bination, often  to  be  omitted.) 

reservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
preserve,  spare 

resldo,  -gre,  resgdi,  (no  sup.),  to 
sit  down,  to  perch 

rSsisto,  -ere,  restiti,  (no  sup.),  to 
make  resistance,  oppose,  with- 
stand; to  stand  still 

respectus,  -us  (m.),  considera- 
tion 

respicTo,  -ere,  respexi,  respec- 
tum,  to  regard 


173 


respiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

recover  breath;  spatium  respi- 
randi,  a  breathing  sj^ace 
respondeo,  -er€,  respond!,   re- 
sponstiin,   to  answer;  to  suit 
to;  respoiisum  erat,  an  ansiver 
was  received 
responstiin,  -i  (n.),  an  answer 
restaurs,  -are,    -avi,   -atum, 

to  renew 
restituo,  -erg,  restitui,   restitu- 

tum,  to  restore 
restitutio,  -onis  (f.),  rebuilding; 
restitutio   etiam  in  majus,  re- 
building  even  on  a  larger  scale 
ret€,  -is  (n.),  a  net 
rgtenttis,  -^,  -um,  entangled 
retineo,    -ere,    retinui,    reten- 

tum,  to  keep  back 
reus,  -T  (m.),  a  defendant 
reverto,    -ere,     reverti,    rever- 

sum;  reverter,  -i,  to  return 
revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni,   to 

recall 
rex,  regis  (m.),  a  king,  sovereign 
Ehodius,  -i  (m.),  a  Rhodian 
Rhodiis,  -i  (f.),  Rhodes^  an  island 

in  the  Aegean  Sea 
rideo,-ere,  risi,  risum,  to  laugh, 
rlgens,  -tis,  frozen  [smile 

risiis,  -lis  (m.),  laughing 
rivus,  -i  (m.),  a  brook 
robustiis,  -a,  -tim,  strong 
rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  re- 
quest,   entreat,    ask;    summis 
precibus  rogare,  to  use  every 
entreaty 
rogtls,  -i  (m.),  a  funeral  pile 
Roxane,  -es  (f.),  Roxane,  wife  of 

Alexander  the  Great 
rudis,   -e,   ignorant,    inexperi- 
enced 


RufGs,  -i  (m.),  Rufus,  a  Roman 

surname 
rumpo,  -ere,    rupi,   ruptum,  to 

burst,  break 
ruo,  -ere,  rui,  rCituiii,  to  rush 
rursum,  rursus,  again 
rus,  ruris  (n.),  the  country 

S. 
Sablniis,  -i  (m.),  a  Sabine;  also 

a  Roman  surname,  Sabinus 
saccus,  -i  (m.),  a  bag 
sacer,-ra,  -rum,  sacred;  sacra, 
-orum,  sacred  objects;  sacra 
Eleusinia,  the  Eleusinian  mys. 
teries;  sacra  Herculis,  the  sa- 
cred vessels  of  Hercules;  sacra 
facere,  to  sacrifice 
sacerdos,-otis  (m.  &  f.),  a  x^riest, 

priestess 
sacerdotium,  -i  (n.),  prie.s'^/iOO(^ 
sacrificium,  -i  (n.),  a  sacrifice 
sacrllcgus,  -i  (m.),  a  sacrilegist 
sacro,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,   to 

consecrate 
saeculum,  -i  (n.),  a  century 
saepe,  often 

saeta,  -ae  (f.),  a  hair,  bristle 
saevio,-ire,  -ivi,  -itiim,  to  rage 
saevitia,  -ae  (f.),  cruelty 
saevus,  -a,  -iim,  furious,  fierce 
sagitta,  -ae  (f.),  an  arrow 
Salamlnius, -a,  -um,  of  Salami s 
Salamis,   -iuis   (f.),  Salamis,  an 

island  in  the  Saronic  Gulf 
salio,  -ire,  salGi,  saltiim,  to  leap 
salus,  -litis  (f.),   safety;    saliiti 
consulere,   to  have  a  care  for 
safety 
salutaris,  -e,  advantageous 
saluto,   -are,   -avi,  -atum,  to 
salute,  greet 


lU   — 


sancio,  -Tre,  sanxi,  sancTtum  & 
sanctum,  to  sanction,  enact  a 
law;  caplte   sancire,  to  enact 
capital  punishment  against; 
lege  sancire,  to  constitute   by 
law 
sanctissime,  most  purely 
sanctus,   -a,    -um,    inviolable, 
sane,  indeed  [sacred 

sanguis,  -inis  (m.),  blood 
sano,  -ar6,  -avi,  -atum,  to  heal 
sapiens,  -tis,  wise;  ady.,  sapien- 

ter,  wisely 
sapTentia,  -ae  (f.),  wisdom 
sarcinS.,  -ae  (f.),  a  package 
Sarclanapalliis.  -i  (m.),  Sardana- 
pallus,  an  effeminate  king  of 
Assyria 
sarmentum,  -i  (n.),  a  fagot 
satclles,-itis  (m.),  an  attendant 
satiO,  -oiiis  (f.),  aj)lcinting 
satTo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  sat- 
isfy, fill 
satis,  enough,  sufficiently;    non 
satis  fieri,  to  be  without  iridem- 
nificaiion 
saucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   to 

wound   . 
saxum,  -i  (n.),  a  rock  [skiff 

scaphS,,  -ae  (f.),  a  light  boat,  a 
sceliis,  -eris  (n.),  a  crime 
scilicet,  of  course 
scio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itiim,  to  know 
sciscitor,   -ari,   -atus  sum,  to 

inquire 
scrlbo,  -ere,  scripsi,  scriptum., 
to  ivrite;  scriptus,  in  writing; 
scriptum  est,  it  has  been  com- 
municated 
scriptor,  -oris  (m.),  a  writer; 
scriptures  rerum  suarum,  re- 
porters of  his  exploits 


scriptum,  -T  (n.),  (t  writing 
scripturS,  -ae  (f.),  a  writing 
Scylla,  -ae   (f.),  Scylla,   a  rock 

between  Italy  and  Sicily 
sGclusiis,  -a,  -um,  separated 
seco,  -ar6,  secui,  sectiim,  to  cut 
secundum,  w.  ace,  after,  accord- 
ing to,  during 
secundus,  -a,   -um,  following, 

second;  favorable 
securis,  -  (f.),  an  axe 
s6curitas,  -atis  (f.),  security 
securus,  -a,  -um,  without  care^ 

(feeling)  safe 
sed,  but 
86deo,-ere,  s6di,  sessum,  to  sit; 

of  birds,  to  perch 
sedes,  -is  (f.),  a  seat,  abode,  set- 
tlement; of  a  king,  throne;  au- 
spicata  sedes,  a  lucky  founda- 
tion 
sedltio,  -onis  (f.),  a  sedition 
sedo, -are, -avi, -atum,  to  bring 
to  order;  dissensionem  sedare, 
to  settle  a  difference 
sejungo,   -ere,   sejunxi,    s6junc- 

tum,  to  disjoin 
Semlramis,-i<iis  (f.),  Semiramis, 

queen  of  Babylon 
senatus,  -us  (m.),  the  senate 
senectus,  -utis  (f.),  old  age 
senesco,  -ere,  senui,  (no  sup.),  to 

grow  old 
senex,  -Is  (m.),  an  old  man;  as 

adject.,  old,,  aged 
sententla,  -ae  (f.),  an  opinion, 

a  vote,  decision 
sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensum,  to 
become  aware,  think,  feel;  to 
notice 
sepglio,-ire,  s6p61ivi,  sepultflm, 
to  bury 


175 


septSm,  seven 

septentriones,  -iiin  (m.  pi.),  (sev- 
en stars,  Great  Bear),  North 
septingenti,  -ae,  -a,  seven  liun- 
septuaginta,  seventy  [dred 

sepulcrum,  -i  (n.),   a  tomb,  se- 

pulcre 
sepultura,  -ae  (f.),  a  burial 
sequens,  -tis,  following 
sequor,  -T,  secutiis  sum,  to  fol- 
low; fidem   populi  Romani  se- 
qui,  to  seek  the  protection  of  the 
Roman  people 
Serlphius,  -i  (m.),  a  Seriphian 
Senphiis,  -i    (f.),    Seriphus,   a 
small  island  in  the  Aegean  sea 
sgriiis,  -a,  -um,  serious;  seria, 

serious  matters 
sermd,  -onis  (m.),  a  speech,  talk 
serus,  -a,  -um,  late,  too  late 
servTlis,  -e,  of  a  slave,  servile; 
servilibns  verberibus  adfici,  to 
^6  flogged  by  a  slave;  servllis 
ingenii  ratio,  the  reasoning  of 
a  servile  mind 
servio,   -ire,   -ivi,    -Ttum,    to 

serve 
servitus,  -litis  (f.),  slavery 
servo,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,    to 
serve,  preserve;  rescue,  save; 
I   fldem  servare,  to  keep  a  promise 
servus,  -i  (m.),  a  slave;  adject., 

slavish,  enslaved 
sescenti,  -ae,  -a,  six  hundred 
sen,  or;  sen.. sen,  either.. or 
sever itas,  -atis  (f.),  severity 
severus,  -a,  -lim,  severe;  seve- 

rius,  more  rigidly,  carefully 
sevoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atQm,  to 
sex,  six  [remove 

sextiis,  -3,,  -lim,  the  sixth 
sexus,  -lis  (m.),  sex 


si,  if;  si  modo,  if  only;  si  quidem, 

as  far  as 
SIC,  so 

SicanTa,  -ae  (f.),  =  SicilTa,  Sicily 
sicco,  -are,   -avi,    -atum,    to 

drain 
Sicilia,  -ae  (f.),  Sicily 
sicubi,  wheresoever 
sicut,  sTcuti,  as;  sicut.  .ita,  as.  .so 
Sicyon,  -onis  (f.),  Sicyon,  a  city 

in  the  Peloponnesus 
SicyOnius,  -i  (m.),  a  Sicyonian 
Sidon,  -onis  (f.),  Sidon,  a  Phoe- 
nician city 
sidon,  fish 
sidus,-eris  (n.),  a  star,  a  group 

of  stars 
Sigeum,  -i  (n.),  Sigeum,  a  town 

in  Troas  where  Achilles  was 

buried 
signifies,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 

foretoken,  to  point  out 
signtim,  -i  (n.),  a  signal 
Silentiiim,  -i  (n.),  silence 
silva,  -ae  (f.),  a  wood,  forest 
similis,  -e,  like,  similar 
similitrid6,-inis  (f.),  resemblance 
Simonides,  -is  (m.),  SimonideSj 

a  famous  lyric  poet 
simpliciter,  frankly,  openly 
simul,  at  the  same  time 
Simulacrum,  -i  (n.),  an  image, 

a  statue;  a  phantom 
simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

make  believe,  feign 
simultas,  -atis  (f.),  a  feud 
sin,  but  if 

Sine,  w.  abl.,  ivithout 
singiili,-ae,-a,  each,  individual, 

single,   one    by   one;    singula 

emere,  to  buy  retail 
sinister,  -rS,  -riim,  left; 


176 


sintls,-us  (m.),  thehosom;  a  gulfj 

Biquldem,  in  as  much  as       [hay 

slquO,  if  somewhere 

sisto,  -er6,  stiti,  statum,  to 
cause  a  person  to  appear  in 
court;  vas  sistendi,  bail  for  his 
appearing  in  court 

sitiens,  -tis,  thirsty 

sitis,  -  (f.),  thirst 

sittis,  -a,  -tim,  situate;  situm 
esse,  to  depend  upon 

siv6,  or;  sive..sive,  either.. or 

societas,  -atls  (f.),  companion- 
ship 

sociiis,  -i  (m.),  a  companion,  an 
ally;  socia  civitas,  a  state  in 
alliance 

Socrates,  -is  (m.),  Socrates 

Socratictis,  -&,  -tim,  Socratio 

Soebares,  -Is  (m.),  Soehares,  Cy- 
rus' companion 

sol,  soils  (m.),  the  sun;  Sol,  the 
sun-god 

soleo,  -erg,  solitiis  sum,  to  be 
ivont,  accustomed,  in  the  habit, 
use 

solidtis,  -a,  -tim,  whole,  entire 

solitudO,  -inis  (f.),  a  desert 

s61itus,-a,-tim,  usual,  ordinary 

sollemnis,  -6,  established 

sollers,  -tis,  ingenious 

sollertia,  -ae  (f.),  skill 

sollicitattis,  -S.,  -um,  stirred  up, 
allured 

sollicito,  -arS,  -avi,  -atOm,  to 
induce,  stir  up;  to  allure;  in 
amicitiam  sollicitare,  to  urge 
to  friendship;  sollicitare  in 
partes  suas,  to  draw  over  to 
one's  side 

solllcitus,   -a, 
full  of  cares 


Solon,  -onis  (m.),  Solon,  the 
lawgiver  of  the  Athenians 

solum,  -i  (n.),  the  soil,  ground 

solum,  072ly 

solus  -a,  -tim,  alone 

soluttis,  -S,  -tim,  relaxed,  loose; 
let  loose  (of  a  dog) 

solvo,  -6r6,  solvT,  solutum,  to 
loosen;  solvere  frenum,  to 
slacken  the  reins;  pontem  sol- 
vere, to  destroy  a  bridge;  reli- 
gione  solvere,  to  free  from  an 
obligation;  solvere  (navem),  to 
weigh  anchor,  set  sail 

somnitiin,  -i  (n.),  a  dream 

somntis,  -i  (m.),  sleep 

sontis,  -i  (m.),  a  sound,  noise 

sorbeo,  -erg,  --ai,  (no  sup.),  to 
suck  up,  swallow 

sordidQs, -S-, -tim , squalid,  dirty; 
sordida  veste,  by  putting  on 
mourning 

s6r5r,  -oris  (f.),  a  sister 

sors,  -tis  (f.),  a  lot;  sors  vitae, 
condition  of  life 

sortidr,  -iri,  -ittis  sum,  to  draw 
lots;  in  the  perfect  tenses,  to 
obtain  (by  lot) 

sospes,  -itis,  safe  and  sound 

Spacds,  -1  (f.),  Spacos,  Cyrus' 
nurse 

Sparta,  -ae  (f.),  Sparta,  capital 
of  Laconia 

Spartantis,  -T  (m.),  a  Spartan 

Spartiates,  -ae  (m.),  a  Spartan 

spatitim,  -i  (n.),  room,  space, 
time;  loci  spatium,  extent  of 
space 

spgcies,  -ei  (f ),  a  show,  appear- 
ance; sub  specie,  under  the 
mask;  species  navium,  the 
shape  of  the  ships 


177   — 


spectacultim,  -i  (n.),  a  sight, 
view;  spectaculo  dignus,  worth 
seeing 

spectatSr,  -5rls  (m.),  a  beholder, 
spectator 

spectatGs,  -3,,  -tim,  tried 

specto,  -arfi,  -avi,  -atttm,  to 
look  at;  to  observe 

speculor,  -ari,  -atfls  sum,  to 
spy  out 

spes,  spel  (f.),  hope 

spTramentflin,  -i  (n.),  an  airhole 

spirittis,  -us  (m.),  a  breath,  a 
draught,  (current  of)  air;  spi- 
ritum  extremum  trahere,  to 
breathe  one's  last 

splendeo,  -erg,  -tii,  (no  sup.),  to 
shine 

splenddr,  -oris  (m.),  excellence 

spoliattis,  -a,  -um,  spoiled, 
stripped 

spondeo,  -erg,  spSpondT,  spon- 
sum,  to  promise 

squal5r,  -oris  (m.),  fllthiness, 
squalor;  habitus  squaloris,  the 
appearance  of  squalor 

stabulum,  -T  (n.),  a  stable 

stagnuui,-!  (n.),  a  swamp;  Assy- 
rium  stagnum.  Lake  Gene- 
sareth  in  Palestine 

statim,  immediately 

statuo,  -6re,  statu!,  stattittini, 
to  place;  to  resolve,  decide;  se- 
dem  statuSre,  to  fix  one's  res- 
idence; vectigal  statuere,  to 
fix  a  tax 

statiis,-us  (m.),  a  situation,  con- 
dition 

sterctis,  -oris  (n.),  dung 

sterno,  -erg,  stravi,  stratGin,  to 
(strew), cover  over,  throw  down 

stirps,  -is  (f.),  offspring 


st5,  -arg,  stgti,  statum,  to 
stand;  ex  adverse  stare,  to  face 

stragulum,  -i  (n.),  a  fabric 

Straton,  -ouis  (m.),  Siraton,  a 
chief  of  the  Tyrians 

stratiis,  -a,  -um,  prostrate, 
spread;  stratus  sulphure,  cov- 
ered with  sulphur 

strenue,  strenuously 

strepittis,  -us  (m.),  a  din,  noise 

studeo,  -erg,  -ui,  (no  sup.),  to 
pay  attention  to,  to  endeavor; 
arti  studere,  to  devote  one^s  self 
to  an  art;  sacrificiis  studere, 
to  pay  attention  to  sacrifices; 
agriculturae  non  studere,  not 
to  care  for  agriculture 

studiostis,  -a,  -um,  fond;  stu- 
diose,  fondly 

studium,-!  (n.),  zeal;  belli  studla, 
zeal  for  war;  studium  majOris 
imperii,  endeavor  to  enlarge 
the  dominion;  studium  rei  mi- 
litaris,  belli  gerendi,  pursuit 
of  military  affairs,  of  warfare; 
studia  doctrlnae,  study  and 
learning 

stultitia,  -ae  (f ),  folly 

stultGs,  -a,  -um,  foolish 

stupor,  -oris  (m.),  stupidity 

SLiadeo,  -erg,  suasi,  suasum, 
to  advise 

suavis,  -e,  sweet 

sub,  with  ace.  &  abl.,  under;  sub 
oculis,  before  the  eyes;  sub 
monte,  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain 

subdolus,  -5,,  -um,  deceitful 

subduco,  -grg,  subduxT,  subduc- 
tiim,  to  haul  ashore 

subigo,  -gre,  sub6gi,  subactiim, 
to  subjugate 


178 


subitO,  suddenly 

subTtiis,  -§.,  -um,  sudden 

sublego,   -ere,   sublegi,    sublec- 

tiim,  to  elect 
subllmis,  -e,   aloft^  high  in  the 

air;  in  sublime,  high  in  the  air 
subministro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  supply 
submoveo,  -ere,   submOvi,  sub- 

mOtuin,  to  put  out  of  the  way 
suboles,  -is  (f.),  offspring 
subsequor,  -i,  subsecutus  sum, 

to  follow  closely 
substerno,  -ere,   substravT,  sub- 
stratum, to  lay  under 
subtraho,   -ere,    subtraxT,   sub- 

tractiim,  to  take  away;  se  sub- 

trahere,  to  retire 
subvenio,  -ire,  subveni,  subven- 

tum,  to  assist 
succedo,  -ere,  succcssi,  succes- 

sum,   to   succeed;   to  folloio^ 

march  on 
successiO,  -onis  (f.),  succession 
successor,  -oris  (m.),  a  successor 
succurro,  -ere,  succurri  (succu- 

curri),  succursiini,  to  succor 
sudor,  -oris  (m.),  sweat,  perspi- 
ration 
suffOco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

stifle 
suggesttim,  -i  (n.),  a  platform 
sui,  sibl,  se,  self 
sulphur,  -is  (n.),  sulphur 
Sulplcliis,  -i  (m.),  Sulpicius,  the 

name  of  a  Koman  gens 
sum,  esse,  fuT,  (no  sup.),  to  he;  ca- 

pillo  sunt  promisso,  they  luear 

their  hair  long 
summus,     -S,     -um,     highest, 

greatest;  summls  precibus,t(;i^7i 

every  entreaty;  summa  belli, 


the  command  in  chief;  summa 
voce,  at  the  top  of  one's  voice; 
vir summus,  a  very  nobleman; 
summis  viribus,  with  the  ut- 
most vigor;  summa  fide,  con- 
scientiously 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum, 
to  take 

sumptuOsus,  -a,  -um,  expensive 

sumptus,  -us  (m.),  expense 

super,  with  ace,  over,  above,  be- 
sides 

siiperinduco,  -ere,  superinduxi, 
superinductum,  to  do  over^  to 
coat 

superior,  -us,  upper,  higher, 
former;  preceding,  last;  super- 
iorem  esse,  to  have  the  advan- 
tage; superior  vita,  the  former 
life;  superior  annus,  last  year; 
superius  tempus,  former  time 

supgro,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 
subdue,  to  overcome,  to  beat 

silpersum,  superesse,  superful,  (no 
sup.),  to  be  more  than  sufficient; 
to  remain,  survive 

supCriis,  -a,  -um,  on  high;  mare 
superum,  the  upper,  i.  e.  the 
Adriatic  and  Ionian  sea 

siipervenio,  -ire,  superveni,  su- 
perventum,  to  fall  upon  sud- 
denly 

supplementiim,  -i  (n.),  a  supple- 
ment; supplementumcopiarum, 
reinforcements 

supplex,  -icis,  on  one^s  knees, 
suppliant 

supplicTum,  -i  (n.),  punishment 

supprimo,  -ere,  suppress!,  sup= 
pressum,  to  sink 

supra,  with  ace,  above,  over;  adv., 
over 


—    179    — 


suprSmus,  -S.,  -uin,  Mgliest,  last 
surgo,-ere,  surrexT,  surrectum, 

to  get  lip 
suscipio,  -ere,  suscepT,  suscep- 

tum,  to  take  up;  of  a  child,  to 

hrmg    up;    susccptus,    horn; 

bellum  suscipei'e,  to  undertake 

ivar 
suscito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

lift  up;  suscitare  e  somno,  to 

awake 
suspicor,   -ari,   -attis  sum,   to 

suppose 
sustineo,  -ere,  sustiniii,  susten- 

tiim,  to  hold  up;  to  hold  out 
susurrus,  -T  (m.)^  whispering 
siitis,  -a,  -iim,  his^  her,  its  own; 

siii,  his  men;  sua,  their  p)rop- 

erty 
symbolus,-!  (m. ),  a  sign  or  mark; 

a  symbol 
Syracusae,  -arGm  (f.  pi),  Syra- 
cuse 
Syracusantis,  -i  (ra.),  a  Syracu- 
Syrus,  -1  (m.),  a  Syrian       [sail 

T. 

tabella,  -ae  (f.),  a  tablet 

taceo,  -ere,  -in,  -itum,  to  be 

silent 

tacTtus,  -a,  -iiin,  silent;  tacito, 
secretly;  tacite,  silently 

taediiim,  -i  (n.),  trouble;  taedi- 
um  belli,  disgust  ivith  war 

talis,  -ej  such;  such  like 

tarn,  so 

tamen,  yet,  nevertheless 

tandem,  at  length;  pray 

tango,  -ere,  tetigi,  tactSm,  to 
touch 

tantiilus,-a,  -lim,  so  small,  triv- 
ial, insignificant 


tantum,  only 

tanttis,   -a,  -um,   so  great,  so 
much;    tantus. .  .quantus,     so 
much.. as;  quod    tanti   est,  an 
equivalent 

tardus,  -a -um,  slow;  paulo  tar- 
dlus,  rather  tardily 

tauriis,  -T  (m.),  a  bull 

tectorius,  -a,  -iirn,  that  serves 
for  covering;  opus  tectorium, 
stucco 

tectum,  -i  (n.),  a  roof;  a  house 

tegmen,  -inis  (n.),  a  cover 

tego,  -6re,  texi,  tectum,  to  cov- 
er, hide 

teliim,-!  (n.),  a  weapon,  javelin 

temere,  rashly;  commonly;  with- 
out good  reason 

temperamentum,  -i  (n.),  moder- 
ation 

temperantia,-ae  (f.),  moderation 

tempestas,  -atis  (f.),  weather; 
storm;  time;  tertia  tempestas, 
the  third  day 

templum,  -i  (n.),  a  temple 

tempto,  -are,  -avI,  -atiim,  to 
make  an  attempt  upon 

tempus,  -5ris  (n.),  time;  ad 
tempus,  at  the  right  time;  anni 
tempus,  a  season;  post  tempus, 
hereafter 

teneo,  -ere,  teniii,  tentiim,  to 
hold  (in  possession) ,  keep;  re- 
strain; imperlum  tengre,  to 
hold  the  supreme  poiver;  te- 
neri,  to  be  bound;  tenere  quo- 
minus,  to  detain  fr 0771;  portum 
tenere,  to  guard  the  harbor; 
cursum  tenere,  to  hold  on  one's 
way;  vento  teneri  quominus, 
to  be  prevented  by  the  wind 
from 


— .    180 


tenuis,  -e,  thin 

tenuitas,   -atis  (f.),  humble  sta- 
tion; slenderness 
tergiversor,   -ari,  -attis  sum, 

to  turn  one's  back;    tergiver- 

santes,  deserters 
tergtini,-!  (n.),  iheback;  de tergo, 

post  terga,  in  the  rear;  terga 

dare,  to  turn  the  back 
terminus,  -i  (m.),  a  limit,  bound 
terra,  -ae  (f.),  earth,  land;  uni- 

versae  terrae,  tJie  whole  ivorld 
terreo,    -ere,    -tii,    -itiim,   to 

frighten 
terrester,  -ris,  -re,  by  land 
terribilis,  -e,  terrible 
terror,  -oris  (m.),  dir.ad,  terror 
tertiiis,  -S,  -tim,  third 
testimonium,-!  (n.),  atestimony, 

evidence 
textllis,  -6,  textile  [tocles 

Themistocles,  -is  (m.),  Themis- 
Thermopylae,    -arum  (f.   pi.), 

They^mopyJae,   the  famous  de- 
file of  Oeta,   where  Leonidas 

fell 
ThGseiis,  -ei  (m.),  Theseus,  king 

of  Athens 
Thespiae,  -arum  (f.  pi.) ,   Thes- 

piae,  a  town  of  Boeotia 
Thessalia,  -ae  (f.),  Thessaly 
tiglllum,  -T  (n.),  a  little  log 
Timaeus,   -i   (m.),    Timaeus,    a 

Greek  historian  of  Sicily 
timens,  -tis,  timid(ly) 
timeo,  -ere,  -uT,  (no  sup.),  to  fear 
tlmldus,  -a,  -um,  timid 
timor,  -oris  (m.),  fear 
tintinnabulum,  -T  (n.),  a  bell 
Titurliis,   -i    (m.),    Titurius,    a 

legate  of  Caesar  in  the  Gallic 

war 


toUo,  -6re,  sustuli,  sublatiim, 
to  take  up,  to  take  away;  of 
a  child,  to  bring  up;  of  laws, 
to  abolish;  ancoras  tollere,  to 
weigh  anchor;  timorem  tollgre, 
to  take  away  fear;  clamorem 
tollere,  to  set  up  a.  cry 

tondgo,  -erg,  totondi,  tonsQm, 
to  shave 

tonsor,  -oris  (m.),  a  barber 

tonstrlcuia,  -ae  (f.),  a  little  bar- 
ber 

tormentum,  -i  (n.),  torture;  a 
missile 

iorvens,-tis,rolling  in  a  stream, 
rushing 

tot,  (indecl.),  so  many 

totus,  -a,  -tim,  whole;  totis  viri- 
bus,  with  might  and  main 

tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
handle,  treat;  bella  tractare, 
to  conduct  war 

trado,  -ere,  tradidi,  traditum, 
to  hand  over,  deliver,  report, 
relate;  in  matrimonium  tradere, 
to  marry;  epulandum  tradere, 
to  set  before  to  feast  upon;  ex- 
ercitum  tradere,  to  surrender 
an  army;  quern  biformem  tra- 
didere,  whom  they  said  was 
two-shaped;  traditur,!^  is  said; 
regnum  tradere,  ^o  entrust  a 
kingdom;  artem  tradere,  to 
teach  an  art;  se  tradere,  to 
give  one's  self  up 

traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractum,  to 
draw,  derive;  proclium  tra- 
here,  to  protract  a  battle;  spiri- 
tum  extremum  trahere,  to 
breathe  one's  last;  vitam  tra- 
here, to  drag  one's  life;  gratiam 
trahere,  to  gain  favor 


181    — 


trajectiis,  -us  (m.),  a  crossing, 

passage 
trajici6,-ere,  trajeci,  trajectum, 

to  cross 
transeo,-ire,-ii,-ituin,  to  cross, 

pass  by,  to  pass;  transeuntes, 

the  passers-by 
transfero,  -re,  transtuli,  transla- 

tum,  to  transfer,  to  bring  over; 

se  transferre,  to  betake  one's 

self;  se  transferre  a  bello  ter- 

restri  in  navale,  to  pass  from 

war  by  land  to  war  by  sea 
transition  -onis  (f.),  desertion 
transitiis,  -us  (m.),  a  crossing, 

passage 
transporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 

to  transport,  carry  across 
trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  three  hundred 
trepidatio,  -onis  (f.),  confusion 
trepldiis,  -a,  -um,  restless 
tres,  trta,  three 
tribuntis,  -i  (m.),  a  tribune;  tri- 

bunus  milltum,  a  military  trib- 
une 
tribuo,  -ere,   tribui,   tributiim, 

to  attribute,  give 
trlduGm,  -i  (n.),  a  space  of  three 
trlginta,  thirty  [days 

Trinacria,   -ae   (f.),    Trinacria, 

old  name  of  the  island  of  Sicily 
TriptSlemus,   -i    (m.),    Triptole- 

mus,  king  of  Eleusis,  inventor 

of  agriculture 
tristis,-e,  sad,  gloomy,  disheart- 

ening;    tristior  mens,   deeper 

affection 
trivium,  -i  (n.),  a  cross  road 
TrOjanus,  -i  (m.),  a  Trojan 
tropaeum,  -T  (n.),  a  trophy 
trucido,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni,  to 

butcher i  slay 


triido,  -ere,   trusi,   trusiim,   to 

drive 
trunciis,  -i  (m.),  the  trunk 
trux,  triicis,  fierce,  wild 
tu,  thou 
tueor,  -eri,  (tuitus,  tutus)  tu- 

tatus  sum,  to  protect 
turn,  then;  turn  temporis,  at  that 

time 
tumens,  -tis,  swollen 
tumultiior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 

be  in  confusion 
tumultus,    -us    (m.),    a    tumuli, 

confusion 
tumulus,  -1  (m.),  a  mound 
tunc,  then,  at  that  time 
tunica,  -ae  (f),  a  shirt,  tunic 
turba,  -ae  (f),  a  crowd 
turbidus,  -a,  -um,  muddy 
turbo,   -are,    -avi,   -atiini,    to 

disturb 
turbulentus,  -a,  -lim,  muddy 
turpis,  -e,  shameful,  disgraceful, 

dishonorable 
turris,  -  (f.),  a  tower 
tutela,  -ae  (f.),  guardianship 
tutor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  pro- 
tutus,  -S,,  -um,  safe  [tect 

tiius,  -a,  -lim,  thy 
tyrannis,    -idis    (f.),     absolute 

power,  tyranny 
tyrannus,  -i  (m.),  a  tyrant 
TyrTiis,  -i  (m.),  a  Tyrian 
T5"rus,  -i  (f.),  Tyre,  a  commer- 
cial city  of  the  Phoenicians 

U. 

uber,  -IS  (n.),  a  dug;  ubera  prae- 

bere,  to  suckle 
ubertas,  -atis  (f.),  abundance 
ubi,    where;  when,   as;  ubi  pri- 

mum,  as  soon  as 


182    — 


ulciscor,  -1,  ultus  sum,  to  avenge 

ulliis,  -a,  -tim,  any;  in  negative 
and  conditional  clauses 

ulteridr,  -lis,  remoter 

ultiO,  -onis  (f.),  avenge;  in  ulti- 
onem,  to  avenge  one's  self 

ult6r,  -oris  (m.),  an  avenger 

ultra, w.  ace,  beyond;  &i.Y.,  further 

ultro,  of  one/s  own  accor^d 

umbrS,,  -ae  (f.),  a  shade 

umquam,  ever 

una,  together 

unda,  -ae  (f.),  a  wave 

unde,  whence 

undiqug,  from  all  quarters 

unguent lim,  -i  (n.),  a  perfume, 
ointment 

unguis,  -  (ra.),  a  claw^  talon 

uniciis,  -a,  -um,  only,  sole 

iiniversiis,  -S,  -um,  whole,  all 
together 

linus,  -a,  -iiiii,  one,  sole,  only 

urbs,  -is  (f.),  a  city 

urgeo,  -ere,  ursi,  ursiim,  to 
urge,  press  hard 

usquam,  anywhere;  usque  terra- 
rum,  anywhere  in  the  world 

usque,  as  far  as,  to 

usiis,  -us  (m.),  use,  usefulness; 
Usui  esse,  to  he  of  service  or 
advantage;  usus  belli,  experi- 
ence in  war 

lit,  uti,  how,  as,  when,  that;  after 
verbs  of  wishing  and  willing, 
to;  after  verbs  of  fearing,  that 
not;  sic  ut,  so  as  to;  ut . .  ita, 
as. .so 

fiter,  -ra,  -rum,  which  of  two 

uterqug,  utraque,  utrumqug,  ei- 
ther, both;  utrique,  both  par- 
ties; ex  utraque  parte,  on  both 
sides 


Utica,  -ae  (f ),  Ulica,  a  very  old 
town  in  Africa 

Uticensis,  -  (m.),  an  inhabitant 
of  Utica 

titilis,  -e,  useful 

utilitas,  -atis  (f ),  utility 

utor,  -i,  usus  sum,  to  use,  make 
use,  enjoy,  have;  legibus  uti, 
to  obey  the  laws;  alacritate 
uti,  to  show  alacrity;  institutis 
uti,  to  have  institutions 

utrum . .  an,  whether. .  or 

uva,  -ae  (f,),  a  grape 

uxor,  -oris  (f.),  a  wife 

V. 

vaco,  -are,  -avT,  -atiim,  to  be 

without 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  empty,  want- 
ing something;  vacuus  homi- 
nibus,  deserted 

vadum,-i  (n.),  a  ford;  the  depths 

vaecors,  -dis,  insane;  subst.,  a 
madman 

vagor,  -ari,  -at lis  sum,  to  roam 
about 

val€o,  -erS,  -ui,  -itum,  to  be 
strong,  p)owerful;  plus  val6re, 
to  have  more  influence 

vallis,  -  (f.),  a  valley 

vapor,  -oris  (m.),  vapor 

varle,  in  various  ways 

varietas,  -atis  (f.),  changeable- 
ness,  fickleness,  variety 

varlus,-a,  -um,  varHous,  varied 

vas,  vadis  (m.),  bail 

vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to  de- 
vastate, lay  waste 

vates,  -is  (m.),  a  prophet 

vaticinor,  -ari,  -at us  sum,  to 
predict,  prophecy 

vectigai,  -alis  (n.),  a  tax 


183 


vShemens,  -tis,  violent 
vfihementer,  very  much 
vgho,    -6re,    vexi,  vectum,   to 

carry;    pass.,    to    be    carried^ 

borne;  to  ride,  drive,  sail 
velocitas,  -atis  (f.),  speed 
velut,  veliitl,  as  if,  as  it  were 
venalis,  -e,  for  sale 
venans,  -tis,  &  venator,  -oris 

(m.),  a  hunter 
v5nati6,  -Onis,  (f.),  hunting 
vSnator,  -oris  (m.),  a  hunter 
venatus,  -us,  (m.),  hunting 
vendo,  -ere,  vendidi,  venditum, 

to  sell 
vgnenatiis,  -a,  -um,  poisoned 
Yenetictis,  -S,  -um,  Venetian 
venia,,  -ae  (f.),  permission,  par- 
don, pretext;  veniam  dare,   to 

forgive 
venio,    -Tre,   veni   ventum,    to 

come;  ventum  est,  they  came 
venOr,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  hunt 
venter,  -ris  (m.),  the  belly 
ventito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

keep  coming;    to  be  wont  to 

come 
ventus,  -i  (m.),  the  wind 
verber,  -is  (n.),  a  scourge 
verbum,  -i  (n.),  a  word;  verbis 

elevare,  to  cry  down 
vere,  truly 
vereor,   -eri,   veritus   sum,    to 

fear 
vergo,  -ere,    (no  perf.  &  sup.),  to 

incline,  to  lie 
Veritas,  -atis  (f.),  truth 
vero,  truly,  indeed;  but 
versiculus,  -i  (m.),  a  little  verse 
versus,  -us  (m.),  a  verse 
versutus,  -a,  -um,  clever 
vertex,  -Icis  (m.),  a  whirlpool 


verto,  -ere,  verti,  verstim,   to 
turn;  in  fugam  verti,  turn  to 
flight;  versa  vice,  reversedly 
vSrum,  (true),  but 
vescor,-!,  (no  perf.),  to  feed  on,  eat 
vesper,  -i  (m.),  vespera,  -ae  (t.), 
evening;  prima  vespera,  at  the 
first  appearance  of  dark 
vester,  -ra,  -rum,  your 
vestis,  -  (f.),  a  garment         [bid 
veto, -are, vetui,  vetitum,  tofor- 
veteranus,  -i  (m.),  a  veteran 
vetus,  -eris,  old;  former 
vetustas,  -atis  (f.),  antiquity 
vexatus,  -a,  -um,  harassed 
via,  -ae  (f.),  a  road 
vice,  turn;  instead  of;  versa  vice, 

reversedly 
vicinitas,  -atis  (f.),  vicinity 
viclnus,  -a,  -um,  neighboring; 

subst.,  a  neighbor 
victim^,  -ae  (f.),  a  victim 
victor,  -oris  (m.),  victrix,  -icis 
(f.),  a  conqueror,  winner;  vic- 
torious, triumphant 
victoria,  -ae  (f.),  victory 
Yictorioia, -ae  (f.),  a  little  statue 

of  Victory 
victus,-a,-um,  overcome;  subst, 

a  loser 
victus,-us  {m.), sustenance,  food; 

living 
video,  -ere,  vidi,  vlsiim,  to  see; 
videri,  to  seem,  appear;  mi  hi 
videtur,  it  seems  (good)  to  me 
vigeo,  -ere,  -uT,  (no  sup.),  to  be 

in  force 
vigilla,  -ae  (f.),  watch;  tertia  vi- 
gilia,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
third  watch 
vigilo,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,   to 
watch,  to  be  wakeful 


—    184 


vigintT,  twenty 

vigor,  -oris  (m.),  liveliness 

vilis,  -e,  vile 

vinco,  -ere,  vicT,  victum,  to  de- 
feat, overcome  J  to  win  a  vic- 
tory; in  a  lawsuit,  to  gain  the 
cause;  pass.,  vinci,  to  he  re- 
strained; consilio  vincgre,  to 
icin  over  by  one's  opinion 

vin(lex,-icls  (ra.  &  f.),  a  protector 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 
take  revenge,  avenge;  to  de- 
liver, to  claim;  regnura  vindi- 
care,  to  claim  the  kingdom; 
se  vindicare  a  captivitate,  to  de- 
liver one's  self  from  captivity 

vindicta,  -ae  (f.),  vengeance 

vine3,,  -ae  (f.),  a  vine-trellis 

vinuiii,  -1  (n.),  wine;  vini  avidus, 
fond  of  the  cup 

vi6io,-are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to  offer 
violence, to  violate;  to  mutilate; 
respublica  violanda,  betraying 
one's  country 

vTr,  -i  (m.),  a  man 

Virgo,  -inis  (f.),  a  virgin,  maid- 
en;  virgo  regia,  a  royal  prin- 
cess 

virilis,  -6,  manly,  suitable  to  a 
man 

virtus,  -utis  (f.),  bravery,  valor, 
virtue 

VIS,  -  (f.),  strength,  power,  force, 
violence;  summis  virlbus,  vnth 
the  utmost  vigor 

viscgra,  -flm  (n.  pi.),  entrails, 
vitals 

viso,  -ere,  visi,  vlsiiin,  to  go  to 
see,  to  look 

visum,  -i  (n.),  a  vision 

Vita,  -ae  (f.),  life 

vltis,  -  (f.),  a  vine 


vitiiiin,  -i  (n.),  a  vice;  vitia  ebri- 

etatis,  the  injurious  effects  of 

drunkenness 

VI to,  -are, -avi,  -atum,  to  avoid 

vitiipero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  to 

find  fault  with 
vivo,  -erg,  vixi,  victum,  to  live 
vivus,  -a,  -um,  living,  alive 
vix,  hardly 

voco,  -are,  -avi,  -attim,  to  call 
volo,  velle,  voliii,  (no  sup.),  to  be 
willing,  wish,  want;  to  mean, 
be  of  opinion 
voluntas,  -atis  (f.),  will 
voluntariiis,  -a,-um,  voluntary; 

voluntaria  mors,  suicide 
voluptas,  -atis  (f.),  pleasure 
Voluseniis,  -i  (m.),  Volusenus 
voragO,  -inis  (f.),  a  whirlpool 
vOs,  you 

vox,  vocTs  (f.),  a  voice,  word,  re- 
mark; voce,  by  word  of  mouth; 
magna  voce,  with  a  loud  voice; 
vocem  edere,  to  exclaim;  vocem 
premere,  to  be  silent  [fire 

Vulcanus,-!  (m.),  Vulcan,  god  of 
vulgus,  -i  (n.),  the  rabble,  masses 
vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  to 

wound 
vulnus,  -€ris  (n.),  a  wound 
vulpes,  -is  (f.),  a  fox 
vultus,-us  (m.),  the  countenance 

X. 

Xenophon,  -ontis  (m.),  Xeno- 
phon,  a  Grecian  historian 

Xerxes,  -is  (m.),  Xerxes,  king 
of  Persia 

Z. 

Zoroastres,  -is  (m.),  Zoroaster ^ 
the  lawgiver  of  the  Medes 


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their  direct  application  to  tue  publishers.) 


Particular  attention  is  invited  to  the  Ahn-Henn  Ger  1)1(111,  French, 
and  Lathi  Text-book.^i,  tlie  use  of  ^hich  results  1)  in  a  saving  of 
expentie  for  books:  the  prices  are  very  moderate;  —  2)  in  a  suvhlif  of 
time  and  needless  troitble  to  both  teacher  and  pupil:  the  real 
progress  of  the  latter  is  rapid,  while  the  teacher's  task  is  rendered  very 
light;  —  3)  in  a  desire  to  study,  because  pupils  find  this  simple  n>>d 
natural  method  at  once  so  easy  and  inviting;  —  4)  in  a  marked 
gain  in  sound,  practical  knowledge  of  the  languages  sufficient  for  the 
usual  requirements  of  the  learner.  Another  point  of  excellence  is  the 
judicious  Selection  of  the  exercises,  and  the  clear  moral  tone  of  the  same. 

These  books  aro  printed  in  large,  clear  type,  and  issued  in 
superior  style.  They  have  stood  the  actual  test  of  the  class-room  and 
the  most  searching  criticism;  have  been  adopted  for  exclusive  use  in 
numberless  academies,  private  and  public  schools  all  over  the  countiy,  and 
are  universally  acknowledged  t.-  be  the  most  suitable  books  for  th» 
instruction  of  children,  while  at  the  same  time  they  afford  the  best 
preparation  for  the  scientific  study  of  the  languages  in  colleges,  etc. 

To  facilitate  the  iiitrodlictioil  of  the  Ahn-Henn  books,  we  furnish 
them,  in  certain  cases,  free  in  exchailgre  for  those  heretofore  used  in 
the  same  classes,  —  Specillfieil  copies  for  examination  suit  to  teachers 
upon  receipt  of  half  the  advertised  pri«!e,  which  will  be  refunded  when  the 
books  are  either  returned  or  introduced,  Specimen  pages  sent  gratis. 

R.  Steijfer  &  Co.,  25  Park  Place,  New  York. 


